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One , Griee Cooperative Principle in the O'Neill autobiographical manifestation of tragedy
一、Griee会话合作原则在奥尼尔自传体悲剧中的体现
In recent years, the use of modern linguistics Literary Stylistics stylistic analysis of achievements , to take a more sophisticated linguistic analysis of the ways in which stylistic analysis tends to be more detailed and accurate , more micro , more objective reality , as much as possible to avoid the individual 's subjective impressions obtain more intuitive than the macroscopic comments , more specific stylistic effect , and to provide an objective review of macro detail basis. ⑴ This paper attempts to use an important branch of linguistics - Pragmatics Grice " Cooperative Principle " in theater style dialogue to detailed interpretation O'Neal specific performance "into the night on a long trip " section of the deeper meaning of character dialogue fragment from microscopic analysis further strengthen the dramatic conflict , rendering the family tragedy , dig this tragedy theater style theme : torture suffered the fate of love and hate between a complex relationship , they had to yield to his fate , passive acceptance of darkness , never see no to sunlight.
近年来，文学文体学使用现代文字学的业绩施行文体剖析，采取了更精确的语言剖析的办法，使文体剖析更趋于精细周密正确、更微观、更客观真的，也尽有可能防止私人的主观印象，取得比宏观述评更直观、更具体的文体效果，并为宏观述评供给客观周密的根据。
American philosopher Paul Griee that communicative activities in all languages in order to achieve specific goals , speaker and hearer that there is a tacit understanding between A both sides should abide by the principle , he called this the principle of cooperation for the session principles (CooperativePrinciple, abbreviated cP). This fundamental principle of cooperative principles can be embodied as four criteria :
美国哲学家Paul Griee觉得，在全部的语言社交活动中为了达到特别指定的目的，讲话上下团结听话人之间存在着一种配合完美，一种双边都应当笃守的原则，他称这种原则为对话的合作原则(CooperativePrinciple，略称cP)。合作原则这条根本原则可以具体表现出来为四条准则：
1 . Number of criteria (Quantity maxim)
( A ) to make their words reached ( currently conversation purposes ) the level of detail required ; ( 2 ) can not make their words more detailed than is required .
2 . Quality Guidelines (Quality maxim)
( 1 ) Do not say what you believe is true , then ; ( 2 ) Do not say that they lack sufficient evidence .
3 . Related criteria (Relation maxim): Speak apt
4 . Maxim of manner (Manner maxim)
( 1 ) Avoid obscure words ; ( 2 ) to avoid ambiguity ; ( 3 ) to speak to briefly ( surface repeat ) ; ( 4 ) Speak organized. ⑵ comply with all these criteria, people will be able in the most direct way , the highest efficiency
Rate communication. ⑶ But, in fact , they are often violated the Statute , precisely because of violation of these guidelines has generated a conversational implicature . ⑷ violated guidelines is that people a communicative strategy aims to indirectly express intention of not only the literal meaning of a word , you can also have other meanings. ⑸ deeper connotation implied dialogue in dramatic style of performance is particularly prominent.
• Modern American playwright Eugene O'Neill's autobiographical tragedy " long journey into Night " came half a century, many literary critics have commented on this from many angles great books : There is the use of symbolism, expressionism, there doctrine, imagistic , psychoanalytic criticism , feminist criticism literary Criticism for analysis ; there are allusive , explore the ancient Greek tragedy, philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche , Ibsen and Strindberg works on O'Neill's impact ; rE studies have live era playwright and writer of the historical background and the experience of my life experiences , etc., and character dialogue for drama deeper meaning less detailed analysis . But no matter what kind of comments ⑹ application method , critics interpret the theme of the play basically the same : Taryn a husband and wife, father and son, mother and child, between brothers both love and hate , hates and loves , four individuals can not be relieved in the filled suffering and helpless and chaotic multiple contradictions , from the early morning of life gradually towards the end of the night , love and hate intertwined constitutes a poignant scene of modern American family tragedy .
In this paper, fragments of the text of the play as a discourse information and try Pragmatics Grice " cooperative principle " to explain the deeper meaning of character dialogue , in the microstructure from the show characters' inner emotions , looks like the usual drama sessions manpower analysis Hide in between the lines euphemistic , rich and delicate and thought-provoking subtext , in the subtle overtones and a detailed explanation of the session overtones , to fully demonstrate the fullness of flesh and blood , " round " figures such as Taryn , Mary, Edmund complex personality, as well as between them, the complex love-hate relationship . Through dialogue script Pragmastylistic analysis, a better understanding of the causes of the tragedy , the tragedy to further reveal the theme , resulting in a more intuitive than the macroscopic comments , more specific stylistic effect , to provide objective and detailed macroscopic Comments basis to further increase macro Comments credibility deepen people theater style this particular artistic understanding.
Second, the use of Grice " cooperative principle " interpret the deeper meaning of character dialogue
In the " long journey into Night " in addition to the monologue , the playwright use consummate language consciously driven by the characters from beginning to end violations of Grice 's "cooperative principle" strategic use of "non-cooperative principle ", the speaker the intent and the specific context combined in seemingly ordinary drama session bears very rich content, deep accurately portray the dramatis personae complex personality and abnormal relations , resulting in unexpected drama.
The focus of the play conflicts Mother Mary re drug use and small son Edmund was considered as incurable suffering from tuberculosis on two things . Concern about a person from the heart , but try to avoid the conversation , but from time to time out of the two main lines, O'Neill drama discourse through unparalleled charm detailed description of the scene from early morning to night just concentrate less than twenty -four hours family tragedy the hero 's life . Taryn a person inter blame , blame , lie, cheat , and after that she felt guilt , regret , then , but also mutual understanding comfort. This caring, considerate they often inadvertently touched each other heal the scars of long-lost , so they blame each other , blame, constantly vicious cycle. Interlocking layers of multilayered dialogue implied subtext , opened a family of the past, the past is now unfortunately also caused the tragedy , and even swallowed the future .
The following were selected fourth act of the play 's opening act and fragments using Grice " cooperative principle " to analyze play husband and wife, father and son conversation sessions inadvertently Flaring non-compliance with guidelines of the phenomenon and the resulting overtones ( underlined part and the figures are for the convenience of the author plus analysis of ) , can be seen from almost every morpheme contains a wealth of content. Love-hate drama dialogue , Huazhongyouhua semantic layers , complementary to each other , to show three-dimensional multi-level personalities , character levels are continuously enriched changing profoundly embodies the theme of love and hate intertwined . ⑺
1 . Between husband and wife violated " the principles of cooperation ," the dialogue
The drama was when opening morning, just returned from Mali sanatorium treatment with her husband , two sons in the villa summertime , family reunion in a cordial atmosphere . A four just after breakfast , Taryn and Mary are chatting . They wander from their appetite for cheap cigars, cigar leads from the sale of real estate , in a seemingly relaxed conversation, vaguely reveals Mary Taryn blame . Suddenly came from the restaurant 's youngest son Edmund cough caught their attention , they immediately changed the subject and began talking about Edmund 's condition. During the conversation, they showed nervousness and anxiety, trying to hide at the time was considered an incurable disease for fear of tuberculosis , while Mary anomalous behavior and conversations also indicate her condition did not really cured, she again taking morphine . By the relaxed family atmosphere slowly to depression and heavy.
With Grice " cooperative principle " to analyze the significance of theater style
Stylistic study focused on scientific and detailed analysis, more sophisticated methods of linguistic analysis thanks to pragmatics, the stylistic study more scientific, more accurate, and the use of Grice " Cooperative Principle " and violations of the criteria detailed interpretation session dramatic texts , is to meet the needs of modern literary stylistics , stylistic analysis to the theater brings considerable progress , and the use Pragmastylistic analysis to explain " into the night on a long trip ," this modern family tragedy deeper meaning and character dialogue as a means to deepen the theme is a useful attempt , from the simple and natural , delicate human drama sessions micro speaker truly interpret the rich , multi-layered overtones and subtext , full speaker complex character and dig out the drama profound theme : "In the deepest love contains the deepest eternal despair " in order to achieve further render the effect of family tragedies , more prominent theme of the dramatic stylistic tragedy , the play deepen people 's understanding and appreciation of the text obtain more intuitive than the macroscopic comments , more specifically dramatic stylistic effect , and to provide objective and detailed macroscopic Comments basis of macro comment useful supplement , but also increase the credibility of macroeconomic comment , which is non- macro reviews replaced.
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