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In the process of establishing and implementing the project , how to invest in construction projects effective use of human, material and financial resources in order to minimize labor and material consumption , and achieved high economic and social benefits, project management is a very important issue. Project cost management . The purpose of project cost management is to control not only the investment does not exceed the approved cost limit , but also because starting from the project as a whole and rational use of human , material and financial resources in order to achieve maximum returns on investment. 在工程项目树立和实行过程中，怎么样管用地利用投入建设工程的人的劳力、物力、资力，以尽力少的劳动和事物耗费，获得较高的经济和社会形态效益，是工程项目管理中的一个非常重要的问题。 A construction project from brewing , planning , design and put into operation includes the following programs : the project proposal stage, the feasibility assessment phase, design phase , construction phase, completion and acceptance stage . Accordingly, the determination of project cost and construction stage work to adapt, generally divided into the following phases : First, the cost of management decision-making stage ; Second, the design and planning stage of cost management ; Third, the implementation phase of the Cost Management ; Fourth stage of completion of cost management . 一个建设项目从酝酿、计划、预设到建成投入生产涵盖以下手续：即项目提议书阶段、行得通性评估阶段、预设阶段、动工阶段、竣工验收阶段。相应地，工程造价确实认与工程建设阶段性办公相适合，普通分为以下几个阶段：一是决策阶段的造价管理；二是预设与规划阶段的造价管理；三是实行阶段的造价管理；四是竣工阶段的造价管理。 First, the decision-making phase of the Cost Management 一、决策阶段的造价管理 Investment decision-making phase of the project pre-construction estimating the preparation of project proposals and feasibility study reports an important part of investing is an important basis for program selection . Decision-making stage of the main factors affecting the project cost include: determining the level of construction standards ; construction area selection ; construction site ( site ) selection ; project economies of scale ; technology selection ; equipment selection . 决策阶段的投资估总算项目建设前一阶段编织项目提议书和行得通性研讨报告陈述的关紧组成局部，是施行投资方案挑选的关紧根据之一。决策阶段影响工程造价的主要因素有：建设标准水准确实认；建设地区的挑选；建设地点（厂址）的挑选；项目标经济规模；工艺评比推选；设施选用。 Decision- making phase of the project is to determine the content of the project cost basis , directly affects the decision-making stage after each construction phase to determine and control the project cost is scientific , reasonable question , the decision-making phase of the project must prepare a viable investment estimates. Therefore, the following measures can be taken to control the phase of the project cost : ( A ) do basic data collection Location of the project cost personnel need to collect water circuit conditions, geological conditions , mainly the price of materials and equipment information , as well as bulk material sourcing information on similar projects have been built , and the accuracy , reliability, careful analysis , guaranteed investment forecasts, economic analysis accurate. (B ) to do the feasibility study phase of technical and economic feasibility To do a feasibility study on the need for adequate market research, including domestic and international markets in the project period for the proposed product demand conditions, similar to the construction of the project , the state industrial policies and the development trend of the future . ( Three ) do optimization Technical and economic personnel and designers should closely cooperate with the dynamic analysis method for multi- program technical and economic comparison , through optimization , the process as simple as possible , equipment selection more reasonable , thus saving a lot of money . Second, the design and planning stage of Cost Management Based on the large projects and cost control analysis and research, found that the project planning and design phase of the program options to its greatest impact on the entire investment project can be as high as 80 % or more. The level of planning and design merits of the project in-kind investment in the progress and quality of construction has a very big impact. Design and planning stage of the main factors affecting the project cost are: General graphic design, space combination ( including floors and floors , interior height determination , etc. ) , project financing , building structure type, building materials, construction site ( site ) and the designer's professional level and so on. Thus , only in the design work is not completed before delivery of design drawings are not to good project cost management the first hurdle , in order to lay the foundation for the overall project cost control . In the design process , you can use the design program of value engineering economic comparison analysis, unreasonable design advice , so as to control costs, saving investment purposes. In the projects, for this stage, we can take the following measures for the Project Cost Management : (One) establish the necessary rules and regulations, clear responsibilities of various departments and positions , a clear division of rewards and punishments Only clear document management system, the engineering and technical personnel , and economic and technical personnel responsibilities , rights and interests and project cost management process is linked to mobilize their enthusiasm, can the design and planning stage of cost management do meticulous and accurate. ( Two ) to strengthen technical training , and continuously improve the overall quality of all aspects of personnel The design and planning stages of the project cost management is a comprehensive work , designers, and economic and technical staff to have a better overall quality of the job . ( Three ) the ceiling was designed as an important means of Project Cost Management Design units required to implement quotas in engineering design design, who can design content quantitative analysis are through calculations, combined with the technical and economic data to speak , should be fully considered in the design of the possibility of construction and economy , that is to technical level and management level compatible. Third, the implementation phase of the Cost Management Project implementation phase , the construction of the entire project cycle occupied the longest, largest amount of capital invested is value and use value of construction projects to achieve the main stage , but also the monetary funds into a critical stage of construction entities . Implementation phase of the project cost impact of the main factors are: project bidding , contract signing and management, construction design review , materials management, and completion of the settlement approval. Although the project implementation stage to save and invest a relatively small proportion , but for various reasons wasteful investment possibilities is great , because the building entity formation process is not reversible , if at this stage failed to achieve effective control of the project cost , the economic losses caused irreparable and make up . At this stage, we can take the following measures for the Project Cost Management : (One ) do a good job working construction project economic accounting Construction project refers to the construction of economic accounting occurring materialized labor ( labor, machinery , materials ) and activation of labor consumption analysis and study, found that the problems and seek solutions. ( Two ) measures to strengthen contract Contract management contract is the foundation and basis. Costly construction projects , involving a wide range of personality differences, and performance for a long time , the objective requirements of the contract should the content be complete, unambiguous wording rigorous, accurate , terms meticulous, rigorous , exhaustive as possible in order to ensure performance of the contract , the contract managed smoothly. ( Three ) good material cost control and management First, the preparation of material requirements planning ; Second, we must strengthen the use of materials management, and reduce the amount of material loss . ( Four ) do a good job working construction claims As a construction unit , strengthening claims control , we should strengthen the management and control key , to avoid the construction unit of subjective claims caused by human factors ; make the construction process a variety of field records , reports, logs, meeting minutes, memos , sign formalities supervision notification , schedule recording , acceptance documents , photographs and other works can be used as evidence of claims and counter-claims data collection, collation ; fair, reasonable and timely processing of claims occur , to avoid greater losses claimed ; according to bidding documents , contract documents , the country's laws, regulations, standards and other norms , rational and restrained manner counterclaim . ( Five ) to do the work completion settlement Have detailed sound accounting records, such as rising material , engineering change caused by the project and the amount of increase or decrease in the acceptance of concealed work . The measurement of quantities , the amount of material on the project cost accounting should seek accurate calculation. Fourth, the stage of completion of the Cost Management The stage of completion is to control the total project cost , a key link in the end of the project phase, the construction unit of the entire construction project to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, but also a summary of the project cost . On the one hand are summarized in the project management of the construction cost of the whole process of experience , on the other hand the cost of the control deficiencies, find out as much as possible due to subjective reasons affecting the whole process of cost management factors , and to overcome them. The main factors affecting the project cost include: the settlement of the editorial process due to which the editorial staff position , different positions , different purposes, and different levels of editorial staff differences also affect the project cost estimates. For this stage, we can take the following measures for the Project Cost Management : ( One) collect, collate good completion data Completion data include : Engineering -built drawings , design change notification , various types of visas , the main material of the certificate , price and so on. ( Two ) in-depth site , fully grasp the project live Estimators in engineering calculation stage must be to thoroughly check the construction site , measuring, recording can be accurate. ( Three ) the mastery of professional knowledge , attention to professional ethics Personnel fully familiar with the budget not only to fixed terms, to grasp the higher authorities of the various documents but also a comprehensive understanding of project cost budget fixed composition for a fixed conversion and additions . But also a certain amount of construction specifications and building construction knowledge. |
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