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旅游业是目前经济部门产业中被认为世界上最大而且发展最快的产业，在过去的几十年中，旅游业是增长最快的一个产业。尽管07年产生了世界金融危机，而且油价高涨，但旅游业作为新兴市场扔创下了最高记录。
Tourism is now considered as one of the world` largest industries and one of fastest growing economic sectors for development, which gain the fastest growth in the last decades. The emerging market for tourism hit a record high performance in 2007 and the outlook remains good despite the world financial crises and high oil prices. 因此，每个国家都愿将旅游业作为经济发展的重要产业。然而任何事物都是具有两面性的，当旅游业作为经济发展产业带来了客观的收益的同时，其快速扩张的进程也带来了负面的影响。在社会和文化的发展过程中，旅游业的相关环节退化和自然资源的枯竭也随之而来。 As a result, every country become willing to accept the tourism as a important resource for economic development. Hence, international tourism now accounts for a larger share of export earnings and foreign exchange receipts than any other industry in the world. However, every coin has two sides. when tourism provides considerable economic benefits for economic development, its rapid expansion also bring the negative impacts socially and culturally for the surroundings such as Environmental degradation and natural resource depletion associated with tourism. 因此旅游业也受到众多的影响，既有积极的一面也有消极的一面，这些都建立在人们对环境或全球和区域经济的依赖。至于旅游业带来的负面影响，它可借用传统可持续旅游的知识来进行建议，以显示在快速发展的旅游业所带来的正面和反面之间的有效平衡的新概念。
Therefore, the tourism industry has a multitude of impacts, both positive and negatice, on people lives and on the environment and on the global or local economic surroundings. As regards to the negative impacts for tourism, it suggests a new concept of TK sustainable tourism in order to show the effective balance between the positive and negative sides brought by the rapid growing tourism industry. This paper is based on the TK sustainable tourism and give the cognize for people in order to find out the most effective balance among the culture, economy, society and environment.
Introduction引言
Because of the economic globalization, the worldwide interactions and integrations accelerated largely due to less costly, more frequent and faster transport, and free movement of capital, products, services and people. As well as, these changes offer more and more opportunities for the expansion of world tourism industry. It is very heart-stirring for the people, the tourism soared to a record performance worldwide in 2007 although the long term and serious economic repression and high oil prices. According to Madrid-based United Nations agency, the year 2007 is not a quiet period since the tourism exceeded expectations for international tourism with arrivals reaching new record figures of 898 million, up 52 million, or 6.2 percent, over 2006. In Europe, this region received 19 million arrivals more than 2006, with Greece(12 percent) and Portugal(10 percent). The America had six million more tourists that in 2006.
The Asia-Pacific region received arrivals 17 more tourists and up to 185 million as the influence of strong economic growth since 2000. “China played an excellence performance as always and increased of around 10 percent. This country could soon surpass Spain as the world`s second most popular destination for tourists after France.” said by the secretary of U.N. world tourism organization. Continually, he also said the number of Chinese traveling overseas in 2007 was up by around four million, to 40 million. It is forecasted that the number will rise to 100 million by 2020.
All these tourism destinations in the world grew in the last year, as if the tourism really hold its fully golden age. It is not true, because the rapid expansion of world tourism industry has brought in more and more environmental and cultural and social problems despite its potential for economic growth. Exactly, this is why recently the concept of sustainable tourism was proposed and popular with every government and tourism agency..
For example, recently, the TK company has been authored as part of the Northland Sustainable Tourism Project. It sets out Dive, TK’s perspectives of their experiences and the resources they dedicated to the process.
The business of TK company is tourism adventure, whose main products is Diving, Training, Snorkeling, Kayaking and Eco-tours in island, the number of staff is nine in low season and thirty six in high season, and Current ownership and management has been in place since 1999. The main markets of TK is consisted of 60% international and 40% domestic. Generally, the main factors that influence the business are the destination, marketing and the level of service.
In the paper, it suggetes that the improvement of sustainable tourism development is essential for minimizing its environmental impacts and maximizing its socio-economic benefits. The analysis and evaluations of TK company are based on the sustainable tourism development including making TK get more sustainable and detailed justified recommendations proved to be useful for TK sustainable tourism development. Findings of this analysis and evaluations would help TK managers to well understand the preferences of sustainable tourism development and provide the most effective development strategies and management tactic for tourism market.
Evaluation of TK sustainable tourism可持续旅游的评估传统知识
Sustainable tourism practices areDiving, which was using before by TK company involved in this project, Although TK has always viewed sustainability as an important commitment for a long time. They also had a number of initiatives before becoming involved in the project in place. They have focused enough on the high standards of safety and health management by the way of hazard identificatioin. In the long run, they also specially established programmers to improve the youth employment and improve the harmonious of community engagement and support, as well as actively attracting local tourism and involvement in promoting
However, along with the expansion and development of TK tourism, the industry also cause many serious environmental problems including the pressure on natural resources, waste generation and pollution and damage to ecosystems.
Based on the consumption of raw material, energy and food from tourists, the main natural resources in the island are all at risk because of TK tourism development including marine resources, land and freshwater.
Freshwater availability for competing agricultural, household, industrial and other uses is rapidly becoming one of the most critical natural resource issues in many countries and regions. Rapid expansion of the TK tourism industry, which tends to be extremely water-intensive, can exacerbate these environmental problems by placing considerable pressure on scarce water supply in many tourism destinations. Water scarcity can pose a serious limitation to future TK tourism development in many low-lying small islands and coastal areas that have limited possibility for surface water storage and use, and groundwater in TK region may be contaminated by saltwater intrusion. Over-consumption by many tourist facilities such as notably golf pitches and large hotel resorts limit current freshwater supplies available to local populations and farmers in water-scarce regions and thus lead to price rises and serious shortages. In addition, the pollution of available freshwater sources in TK region, some of which may be associated with tourism relating activities which exacerbate local freshwater shortages.
In addition, the relatively high levels of energy consumption in TK hotels – including energy for heating, air-conditioning and cooking as well as fuel used by tourism relating transportation can also contribute significantly to local air pollution in TK region. Noise and local air pollution linked to exhaustive urban congestion and tourism expansion which could usually even discourage tourists to stay away from the destinations.
What is more, the TK coastlines are becoming overbuilt because of the damage of tourism development caused by the eventual loss of revenues arising from a collapse in tourism arrivals. Seriously, these damages usually are irreversible for environmental degradation. The TK amusement activities and tourism expasion in coastal areas can not only lead to coastal degradation and beach destruction, but can also threaten the coral reef and other the marine ecosystems. The size of complete natural ecosystems becomes more and more smaller in TK islands. It is because that their increasing dependence on tourism as a main tool of socio-economic-environs development. Thus, it suggested that the tourism industry for TK need immediately some sustainable strategies to conserve the natural resources and develop the tourism service. After all, the success of the tourism industry is main relied on the beauty of environment and views. If the natural environment is destroyed, there maybe no real meaning for tourists.( Lindberg, K., Tisdell C., Xue D, 2002) Otherwise, the pollution of coastal waters in TK is usually come from the garbage waste, sewage, sediments and untreated chemicals pollution which leads to the deterioration of coastal ecosystems. As a result, if the damages for the TK ecosystems and natural environment continue, the value of TK tourism will lose their advantages before long.#p#分页标题#e#
These usual results not only are in the destruction of ecosystems and local habitats, but also in accelerating processes of landslides and erosion. Other problems also emerged because of the expansion of TK tourism include disruption of tourist facilities, animal migration by road, excessive water withdrawals, and sewage pollution of rivers from accumulation of solid waste on trails and streams to supply resorts .( David Gonzales, 2003)
Finally, the problems emerging from the TK tourism industry casue the following serious impacts according to the situation of TK tourism operational activities and development.
(1) Threats to biodiversity and ecosystems---- e.g loss of habitat loss and degradation ,wildlife and rare species
(2) Disruption of coasts----e.g shoreline erosion and impact to coral reefs, fish spawning grounds and pollution.
(3) Deforestation----loss of forests for fuel wood and timber by the tourist industry also impact on bio-diversity integrity, water and soil quality, reducing the collection of forest products by local communities
(4) Water overuse----as a result of tourism activities, diving, golf courses, swimming pools, and tourist consumption in hotels.
(5) Urban problems----overcrowding and Congestion, increased resultant and environmental vehicle traffic impacts, including and health impacts, air and noise pollution.
(6) Exacerbate climate change----from fossil fuel energy consumption for and recreational requirements, travel, hotel.
(7) Inequitable resource use and unsustainable and Energy and water over consumption, litter and garbage, excessive production of wastes are all common impacts.
Further TK study could be carried out regarding the negative relationships between environment, social and tourism (Roe et al 1997). ,These researches related with the TK tourism all indicate that the damages for the ecosystems, environment, society is quite typical and widely recognized. They also emphasize a strong need to adopt more mutually and sustainably beneficial approaches into the TK tourism industry in order to balance both traveling development and economic development.
The definition and principles of sustainable tourism可持续旅游的定义和原则
There is a definition for Sustainable Tourism, including green travel, eco-tourism, environmentally and culturally responsible fair trade, tourism and ethical travel. Tourism is one of fastest growing economic sectors and the world's largest industries. It has a multitude of impacts, both negative and positive, on the environment and on people's lives.
"Sustainable tourism development management and guidelines practices are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of destinations, including mass tourism and the various tourism segments. The sustainable tourist principles mainly refer to the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established among these three dimensions to achieve its long-term sustainability.
Thus, sustainable tourism principle should include:
(1) Making optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism development, helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity and maintaining essential ecological processes.
(2) Respecting the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserving their living cultural heritage and built and traditional values, and contribute to tolerance and inter-cultural understanding
(3) Ensuring long-term, viable economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including income-earning opportunities and stable employment and contributing to poverty alleviation and social services to host communities.
Sustainable tourism should also ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists and maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction, promoting sustainable tourism practices among them and raising their awareness about sustainability issues. There are some characters of sustainable travel.
First, Informative. Thetravelers not only view about the destination, they learn how to help sustain its character of resource while deepening their own tourist experiences. Residents learn that the familiar and ordinary may be of interest and value to outsiders.
Second, Integrity of place.Destination should emphasize the character of the locale in terms of architecture, heritage, aesthetics, cuisine, and ecology. Traveling revenues in turn raise local perceived value of those assets.
Third, sustainable tourist benefits residents.Tourist businesses try to do their best to employ and train local people, use local services, and buy local supplies.
Fourth, sustainable tourist conserves resources.Environmentally aware travelers favor tourism destination to minimize pollution, waste, water usage, landscaping chemicals, energy consumption, and unnecessary nighttime lighting.
Fifth, sustainable tourist respects local culture and tradition.Foreign tourists learn about and observe local etiquette and culture, including using at least a few courtesy words in the local language. Residents should know how to deal with foreign expectations that may differ from their own.
Sixth, sustainable tourist strives for quality, not quantity.Quality means that the tourism succeed not by sheer numbers of tourist, but by length of stay, quality of experience and consumption.
Lastly, sustainable tourist means great trips.Excited, satisfied visitors send friends off to experience the same thing and bring new knowledge home that provides continuing business for the destination.
Ecological sustainability生态可持续性
The natural environment is an important resource for travelers. As increasing urbanization, destinations in both developing countries and industrialized with significant natural features, cultural heritage, scenery or biodiversity are becoming increasingly popular sites for tourist destinations. Efforts preserved and enhanced the natural environment should therefore be a high priority to governments and to the industry development. However the reality is not quite as clear cut. Environment is a kind of frangile thing while facing to the tourism development. Coastal areas, small islands, wetlands, mountains and deserts, which now popular as tourist destinations, They are also recognized as the five of the six ‘fragile ecosystems’ as identified (Baez, A ,1996). Thus, it requires specific action by international donors and every governments. The biophysical characteristics of these habitats often render them particularly susceptible to damage from human activities. As the increasing number of travelers, the interaction and excess exploitation of tourism industry makes the tourism more and more unsustainable and brings enormous damages and difficults into environment protection. Because of a degraded physical environment, destination is in danger of losing its original attractive advantages. Many newly and cheap mass tourism have gain the attraction which cause these nature-based tourism industries have to move on to the new exploitation and development in the cost of destroy the environment. Eventually, the tourism are likely to be even more fragile and inaccessible. Mainstream “eco-tourism”, promoted after the Rio Earth Summit, and hasn’t always gain the popular reputation.Moreoever, the tourism investors just simply understand the concept of sustainable as a “green-wash” marketing tool. They usually do not give enough focus and investment in the improvement of environment. Thus, it is very critical to make them well know esssential concept of sustainable while carrying out the tourism especially the emphasizing the easy fragile tourism cycles.
Economic sustainability经济的可持续发展
Economic growth gains a large proportion charging for the tourism industry. This is why so many people invest the tourism in every country. Today, many developing country also exploit their tourism resourse largely with any adverse influence brought by the tourism. The initial period of growth happened in about the late 1960’s and 1970’s, when tourism was perceived as a key activity for employment by both development institutions and generating foreign ex-change, such as the World Bank, as well as by the government (Goodwin 2000).
Nowadays, the demands for traveling and tourism continues to increase in the world, despite the negative economic impacts of tourism (such as dominance by outsiders in land, inflation and property markets; inward-migration eroding economic opportunities for domestic industry including the poor). In 2007, the tourism have soared to the most best performance and the trends of tourism will increase in the next years according to the UN World Tourism Organization. the number of international tourism reached new record figures with 898 million, up 52 million, or 6.2 percent compared with the record of 2006 based on the data from Madrid-based United Nations.
The increasing demands for tourism also courage the investors to devote their money into the tourism. More and more developing government have boldly encourage the private or public development of tourism (Ashley, 2000). Especially in some remote and alone island, these countries themselves lack of natural resource, the main purpose for developing tourism is to enhance the economic development. The tourism also could improve the communities in the destinations and provide development opportunities for entrepreneurs. Consequently, these government hope that the tourism could improve the national economic development and reduce the poverty. The tourism usually could increase the income of perople in destinations. Most of developing countries increase the employment rate through the tourism development. Hence, the employment rate is a kind of positive impacts for the destinations. There are also other inprovement while investing the tourism. Following are some economic improvement for destinations.#p#分页标题#e#
(1) Wages brought by increasing employment rate.
(2) Incomes brought by tourism service including selling goods, or temporary employment (e.g. food, crafts, building materials, guide services), other services.
(3) Tax incomes from local private enterprises.
(4) Collective income. This may include profits from a community running enterprise, dividends and profits from land rent paid by an investor and a private sector partnership.
Waged employment can be sufficient to lift a household from an insecure to a secure step, but it may only be available to a minority of people, and not the poor. Casual earnings may be very small, but more widely spread, and may be enough, for example, covering school fees for one or more children. Local participation in the industry can be divided into three different categories; the informal sector (such as vending) , the formal sector (such as hotels)and secondary enterprises that are linked to tourism (such as food retail and telecommunications).· As a developing destination, accommodation for tourists can be as simple as offering home service, with guest houses, lodges and hotels replacing more basic ideas as tourism grows, and some of these may include other foreign companies.
ra. of tourism ent in the ice for tourists, then the private owners gain the income.t and reduce the for developing tourism isBesides, the transport system could give the special service for tourists, then the private owners gain the income which usuall jeeps, taxis, bike rent and other motorized transportation. Significant economic gains also come from economic linkages field such as tourism horticulture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, and other economic sectors such as agriculture (Shah & Gupta 2000). It means that the tourism industry dirve the most other industries to develop in the whole national economic sectors. For example, the service industry has gained the most large development in the tide of tourism era.
Social and cultural sustainability社会和文化的可持续性
The sustainable tourism should respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance. Because the traditional tourism in TK region have bad social and cultural destroy on the local communities. The negative social impacts include low wages, poor working conditions, child labor and sex services. International Confederation Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the International Labor Organization demonstrated that some parts of the tourism industry still degraded labor resource and paid workers to the lowest wage, exhibiting the worst side of unsustainable development.Fears of tourism threatening local social and cultures heritages have been focused by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) in the recent years. Over the last years, the organization have set in place an extensive strategy to promote a cultural and social sustainable development. In 1992, WTTC including 105 members launch an action plan entitled “Agenda 21 for the Travel & Tourism industry towards environmentally sustainable development”. This agenda is a sectional sustainable development program based on the results of the Rio Earth Summit.
However, TK tourism before is not considerd these protection for cultural and social heritages as the driving of maximize profits. Along with the expansion of tourism industry, this small town become more noise and less facility for perople.. Regions where once only officials employ for motorized vehicles now become a familiar site for traffic jams, and dealing with new crowd and strange faces which become a daily occurrence for local people. The pitches for local people decreased and are only a few score square kilometers. This is particularly a problem where tourism business is centered in traditional social systems, such as indigenous peoples or isolated communities (Farsari, Y, 2000). It is said that the traditional activities are limited by the increasing crowds brought by the tourism industry. Sometimes, because of the tourism, the local residents have to give up their traditional habits and their cultural treasure.
Therefore, the TK company introduced the concept of sustainable tourism development in the TK region. Tourism development in remote regions or island are most positive for national economic development. But as well as the tourism also bring some neglection of cultural and social destroy. As regards for the negative social and cultural impacts brought by the expansion of tourism, the TK company have changed strategies for perserving and suataining the cultrual and social treasure. They also exploited the projects for protecting these traditions through developing the cultural and social tourism. In the guidance for TK tourism, the TK company also emphasize the importance of local culture and social habits and remind the tourists could protect and treasure the local social and cultural sustainability.
, because of the tourism, the local residents have to give up their traditional habits and their cultural treasure. e developmen There are also examples for the communities which become marginalized and forced out of traditional lands. Involving host and particularly local communities in all steps of tourism development from planning sustainable strategies will help to alleviate these kinds of neglections. It is decided that whether the developmental strategies including their perspectives and demands are properly taken into account. In TK region, there is growing amount of works and large room for improvement in practical performance, but such performance needs deepen enormously in future.
Conclusion结论
The tourism industry can be considered one of the most remarkable socio-economic phenomena in 21th century. It is comprised of many extensive range of human activities including economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects. Over the years, the tourism industry have made both positive and negative impacts for the human living environment. Since the rapid expansion of world tourism, it makes the people can not overlook the negative influence brought by the tourism in every destination. Thus, World Travel & Tourism Council have introduced the concept of sustainable tourism in its agenda for over 15 years. Sustainable tourism has identified how the tourism industry can contribute to overall sustainable development and continue to provide high quality, low impact experiences. It is built around four pillars of tourism, economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, cultural sustainability and local sustainability. All four of these elements must be addressed while achieving sustainable tourism.
Given the developing trends of global tourism can not be stopped or prevent, it is necessary to develop and practice some effective solutions to balance the advantages and disadvantages brought by the growing tourism industry. It is suggested that government,social communityand tourism principles and guidelines would be the necessary preparation for destination place. Thus, the TK company introduced the concept in their island tourism in order to achieve the sustainable development. This paper is an analysis and evalution of TK sustainable tourism which demonstrate the relationship between tourism and the local environment, economy, society and culture development. Through the development of policy tools, awareness-raising programmers, local involvement, capacity building and guidelines for good actual and practice implementation,it is very prospect for sustainable tourism development in future.
According to the study above, there are some useful recommendations to TK sustainability. These recommendations are refered to sustainable tourism projects of Northland Tourism Charter. In summary, they include:
Key outcomes of the sustainability project with other small to medium enterprises and share the process.
Purchase and use environmentally preferable products and environmentally certified
Introduce solid waste monitoring for sea-based and land operations
Implement and Identify waste minimization, re-use and recycling initiatives
Investigating opportunities to offset the carbon dioxide travel footprint of staffs through potential involvement in native forest restoration projects
Incorporate water conservation measures into planned the new building design
Enhancing community involvement further by donating company time and facilities
Pooling resources of local operators to implement and identify new sustainable tourism initiatives
Sourcing local services and goods
Liaising with local specialist to explore opportunities for enhanced cultural information interpretation and provision
Building on existing relationships with other tourism investors and the Department of Conservation to implement a marine mammal reporting programmer and monitoring
Providing infrastructure
The plan for TK Company TK公司的计划
Working with staff to ensure involvement and buy-in with sustainability initiatives
Operator commitment to recognize their private life outside of the business as being of equal importance to the tourist business
Enhancing hazard identification, control processes and management
Creating more job opportunities and wealth#p#分页标题#e#
Reference文献参考
David Gonzales, (2003)A Different Standard of Living: Dominican Resort Is Community Project for Developers, Aug.
Ashley, C, Roe, D and Goodwin, H (2000) ‘Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for the Poor, A review of experience’ Overseas Development Institute, London, The International Institute for Environmental Development, London, and Centre for Responsible Tourism, London.
Baez, A (1996) ‘Learning from Experience in the Monteverde Cloud Forest, Costa Rica’ in Price, M (ed) ‘People and Tourism in Fragile Environments’ Chichester.
Farsari, Y (2000) Sustainable Tourism Indicators for Meditarrean Established Destinations. Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics. Foundation for the Research and the Technology Hellas
Goodwin, H (2000) ‘Pro-Poor Tourism: Opportunities for Sustainable Local Development’, D+C Development and Cooperation, No. 5, September/October 2000 pp.12-14. Green Globe 21, ‘The Green Globe Standard for Travel and Tourism’ (www.greenglobe21.com)
Harrison, D and Price, M (1996) ‘ Fragile Environments, Fragile Communities? An Introduction’ in Price, M (ed) ‘People and Tourism in Fragile Environments’ Chichester.
Roe, D, Leader-Williams, N and Dalal-Clayton (1997) ‘Take only photographs, Leave only footprints: The environmental impacts of wildlife tourism’ The International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
Shah, K and Gupta, G (2000) ‘Tourism, the Poor and Other Stakeholders: Experience in Asia’, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) -Fair Trade in Tourism Paper, The Sustainable Livelihoods Working Paper Series, ODI, London. Tourism Concern (1998) Tourism and Human Rights. London.
Lindberg, K., Tisdell C., Xue D. (2002) “Ecotourism in the developing country’s Nature Reserves” in Lew A.,(ed.) Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
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