英国问答作业范例：中国加入WTO后对农林牧业的影响

Accession to the World Trade Organization, hereby the below contributed to doestic refeorms in economic govermance in China:

First, China's accession to the World Trade Organization will bring about both the challenges and opportunities to the development of Chinese agriculture.

中国加入世贸组织，有利于对外开放，中国的农业在加入世贸组织之后得到更好的出口，中国将在遵守国际规则的前提下，进一步完善国内农业政策和法规，优化农业环境，开拓国内市场，吸收更多的国外资本，科技和管理经验进入养殖业。
(1) China's WTO accession is conducive to the opening-up of the Chinese agriculture.After its WTO entry,China will,in accordence with  international rules ,further to perfect domestic agricultural policies and regulations ,optimize investimate environment for agriculture,open up the domestic market and absorb the more foreigh capital,thechnology and managerial expertise into the farming sector .

这将有助于调整农业结构和农产品的进口和出口的结构。加入WTO将有利于中国在其进口资源密集型产品和劳动密集型产品出口方面的优化。玉米，小麦油料作物，糖料作物，大豆和相对高的成本在总播种面积和所有作物总产值的棉花比重将逐步下降，而蔬菜，一些水果，花卉及其他园艺产品的比例将提高到一定程度。牧，不包括乳制品和羊毛，将最受益于加入世界贸易组织的这一行为。
(2)it will be helpful in the readjustment of the farming structure and the structure of the import and export of the agricultural product. The WTO accession will be favorable to china in its importation of resource-intensive products and exportation of labor-intensive products. The proportion of corn, wheat oil crops ,sugar crops,soybean and cotton of relatively high cost in the total sown area and the gross output of all crops will gradually decrease,while the proportion of vegetables ,some fruits ,flowers and the other horticultural products will increase to some extent. Animal husbandry, excluding dairy and wool, will benefit most from China's WTO membership.

(3)  It will help improve the export environment of China's agriculture products.The WTO membership will entitl China to non-discrimimatory trade treatment enjoyed by other members ,thus reducing the costs for trade negotiations on and transactions of agricultural trade issues relating to such products,and facilitatingthe entry of China's agricultural products into the international market.
 

Second is the china service industry, Joining the WTO means that the process will move forward the liberalization of trade in services. will bring important impact on China services Specific to each industry, open, competitive, labor, technology, capital-intensive, would not be affected as a result of the same intensity. (1) telecommunications. the WTO" will have a far-reaching impact on the development of China's telecommunications industry, as demonstrated by : First, have a huge impact on the domestic market. (2)  the financial services industry. According to the regulations, "the WTO" after two years, foreign banks to handle RMB business to Chinese enterprises. Five years later can provide services to individuals; allow foreign financial holding companies in the fund management companies 33% After three years at 49%. With the accelerating pace of China's accession to the WTO, more and more foreign financial institutions will enjoy national treatment. and the further opening up of the market also means that the number of foreign-funded financial institutions in China will continue to increase. China's entry into the WTO will be beneficial to the development of the international banking sector.,
 

Third is tourism. "the WTO" will be conducive to the sustainable development of tourism. tourism in reform and opening up and standardize the order.. Enter the international market, we need to create a genuine market players, I can win more favorable and open to the external international environment, This structure, management and operation of tourism enterprises still a gap between the adjustment and improvement opportunities, help China to establish a more stable international investment research service 4 No. 4 2000 trade order, domestic tourism trade will be integrated with the rest of the world tourism trade

 

Chinese Taipie accession to the World Trade Organization contributed to domestic reforms in economic governance, as below:

 Following its accession to the WTO, Chinese TaiPie will implement its accession commitments by opening the domestic market and by adjusting its economic and trade regimes to conform to WTO rules. The competitiveness of imported products will increase and business opportunities for foreign enterprises in Chinese TaiPie's market will expand. In the area of manufacturing, Chinese TaiPie plays an important role in the global supply chain. The focus of Chinese TaiPie's production has shifted away from labor-intensive products such as the canned mushrooms, umbrellas, and plastic shoes of earlier days, to today's high-tech products such as lap-top computers, semi-conductors, and telecommunications equipment. In the future, Chinese TaiPie expects to develop internet, telecommunications, and bio-tech industries, drawing on the current foundation of our high-tech industries. Chinese TaiPie's commitments under trade in services, such as the liberalization of the domestic telecommunications services market, are expected to help Chinese TaiPie in its efforts to attract new foreign investment. 

 

 Vietnam accession to the World Trade Organization contribute to domestic reforms in economic govemance as below:

 with its WTO commitments, Vietnam has earned greater trust from foreign investors. In relation to concrete effects of the WTO on Vietnam’s market, accession has brought many advantages to Vietnamese, particularly farmers, whose products have enjoyed equal treatment at markets of member countries, leading to increases in both quantity and price of export products. Opening the market in line with WTO regulations means international markets will have positive and negative influence on Vietnam. However, for the local business sector, the country’s opening market poses challenges due to limitations in competitive competence and the need to compete in a “new situation”.Vietnam’s commitment to opening doors in the services sector has fuelled strong competition in the national market. Together with finance and banking, the real estate and retail services sectors have become “hotter” as a result of the increased involvement by foreign investors.

 

Here below is the examples of areas WTO accession had led to enhanced transparency in these econmies:

 First is the telecommunications. Such as China's telecommunications equipment market to the outside world have a high degree of transparency and, followed by the introduction of equipment and technology fair market competition. From the experience of international telecommunications market liberalization process will lead to rapid reduction of telecommunications charges.

 Another examples is the financial. China's accession to the WTO will likely encounter strong competition for talent pressure on commercial banks

 Also tourism is the other examples.

 

Both NAFTA and AUSFTA  contain provisions that are said to be “WTO-Plus”.  Discuss whether the following features of the trade agreements are “WTO-Plus” and explain how they  are different from the parties to the agreements obligations and commitments in WTO:

( a )  AUSFTA provisions on foreign direct investment

( b )  NAFTA provisions on energy trade

( c )  NAFTA Chapter 19 provisions on antidumping and countervailing 

( d )  AUSFTA’s treatment of trade in services

Answer:

Yes, In my point that the AUSFTA previsions on foreign direct investment and treatment of trade in services, NAFTA provisions on energy trade and Chapter 19 provisions on antidumping and countervailing are to be ‘WTO-Plus’
 

Here below is they are different from the parties to the agreements obigations and commitments in WTO:

First,  WTO is the symbol of global economic, while the NAFTA & AUSFTA  are the important carriers of some regional economics, Regional Economic Integration, they have below charcter: Preferential Trade Arrangements, Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market, Economic Union, Complete Economic Integration. While the WTO will not have those agreements obligations and commitments. The WTO- PLUS help open markets and expand opportunities and can help company enter and compete more easily in the global marketplace. Trade agreements are also a tool for promoting fair competition and encouraging foreign governments to adopt open and transparent rulemaking procedures as well as non-discriminatory laws and regulations. Trade agreements can strengthen the business climate by including commitments on issues of concern along with the reduction and elimination of tariffs. They are the free trade area rule, and they are the deeply development of WTO, and the supplement of the free trade area. #p#分页标题#e#

 

( 3 )  What are the main requirements that must be met by a free trade agreement  in order

to be considered consistent with the rules of the WTO?

 

FTA develops rapidly in the world, however, the legal issues concerning the relation between the WTO and FTA are not settled yet. FTAs were titled in various forms but main contents were that relative members implemented non-tariff measures and non-tariff barrier on most of goods trade and further open up service and investment market to each other on the basis of WTO commitment.
 

The main requirements that must be met by a free trade agreement in order to be considered consistent with the rules of the WTO is The Free Trade Area or the any temporary agreement, all the FTA should not be trade barriers to the third parties; antidumping and anti-subsidized measures are allowed in the FTA, while the requirements on the safeguard measures in the FTA could be further negotiated by the parties.

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