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Abstract摘要
在西方的主流思想中，一提到生活便会使人联想到人生哲学，这是20世纪西方社会中人们最普遍的思想，而且人们会马上想到柏格森的哲学，柏格森的名字的一个主要哲学流派的代名词，成为人生的哲理。到目前为止，他的主要理论被很多许多学者进行了研究，但这些研究主要局限在他的人生哲学，他的宗教思想却很少有人关注。 Life philosophy is popular in the 20th century, a major philosophical schools of Western , a reference to the philosophy of life that people will immediately think of Bergson , and Bergson 's name has become synonymous with the philosophy of life . So far, many scholars of his main theories have been studied , but these studies largely confined to his philosophy of life , and his religious thought is Shaorenwenjin . This paper attempts to Bergson's philosophy of life is an important concept of " life- impulse" main line, to explore the relationship between the internal logic of religious thought and philosophy of life , and thus to further explain his unique sense of religious thought and philosophy of life . Firstly, in order to "life impulse" theoretical starting point, revealed the existence of the evolution of life religious reasons ; Secondly, the religious view of religion Bergson two forms of static and dynamic religious elaborate religious respectively , to derive a dynamic religion impulsive life perfectly embodies this conclusion ; Finally, the paper examines the significance of Bergson's philosophy of life dynamics of religious thought . 19世纪末和20世纪初，留给世界一个厚厚的史册。这一时期也是一个新旧交替时期，在英国，法国，德国等主要西方国家呈现出百家争鸣的哲学状态。人生哲学正是这个时期是一个广泛而有影响力的重要哲学流派。这一流派的主要代表人物有德国狄尔泰（ W.Dilthey ） ，欧肯（ R.Eucken ） ，英美白石（怀特海） ，法国柏格森（柏格森）等。柏格森认为这是代表生命中最鲜明的理念，人们会认为提柏格森的生命哲学，柏格森一样的名字的代名词，成为人生的哲理。第一次世界大战之前，柏格森的主要著作已发表在各种注释文本（英文，德文，波兰文，俄文）。
Late 19th and early 20th century, leaving a thick annals of the world . This period is also the philosophy of alternating periods of old , when Britain, France , Germany and other major Western countries have also shown a philosophy contending state. The philosophy of life is precisely this period is a widespread and influential important philosophical schools . The main representative of this genre have German Dilthey (W.Dilthey), Eucken (R.Eucken), the Anglo-American Whitehead (ANWhitehead), France, Bergson (Bergson) and so on . Bergson which is considered representative of the most distinctive philosophy of life , people would think the mention of Bergson's philosophy of life , like Bergson 's name has become synonymous with the philosophy of life . Before World War I, Bergson's major works have been published in a variety of Annotation text ( English, German, Polish , Russian ) . Thus, the theoretical value of Bergson and progressive thinking . While Bergson has enormous influence and gradually faded over time , but it still has profound theoretical philosophy to explore value.
For Bergson's two domestic research started very early , as early as the 1913 "Eastern magazine" Chi money on repair published the article " Today two philosophical doctrines rough ", and Bergson is mentioned in the text of the philosopher one . Since then , the domestic shortage of research on Bergson's theory of insight . For the French master Henri Bergson 's theory of intuitive thinking , the country has done a lot of people related research . But because of his ideas involve a number of areas , and the researcher 's own theories purport , cut into perspective the problem is different, they are very different discussion . Bergson ideas discussed in the writings of the country are: Li Wenge Wang Jinbao book " Life impulse - Rereading Bergson ," The new interpretation of writings from various angles of Bergson's philosophy of life ; Ng Ng 's doctoral dissertation , " Modern of pursuit and criticism - Bergson and Modern Philosophy " , which works mainly include: Bergson's philosophy in modern China , the pursuit of modernity and traditional history, science introduction and reflection , to reflect on the environment and the history of freedom and reality echo ; Dr. Wang Li-ping paper, " differences and stretches - Bergson's philosophy and its contemporary fate ," the writings of the core philosophy of Bergson - " stretch " and a series of related terms and their purpose , objectives, advocates What , as opposed to what to do analysis, explanation , interpretation, Bergson status of Western philosophy in the twentieth century , the role of significance are described in detail . Although the writings of these scholars enriched Bergson's theory , but the domestic academia for the life of prominent philosophers in the early 19th century, is far from an exhaustive study of the essence of his theory . With domestic scholars Bergson thought -depth research , its main works have also been gradually translated . As of 2010, the Chinese translation of Bergson published works include : "Time and Free Will " (ranslation, The Commercial Press , 1958, 1st edition ) ; " two sources of morality and religion " (a poor translation Guizhou People's Publishing House , 2000 1st edition ) ; "life and memory - Bergson letters election" ( Hui-Min Jin editortranslation, economic Daily Press, 2001 1st edition ) ; " Creative Evolution " (translation, Commercial Press , 2004 1st edition ) ; " laugh" ( Xu had translated , Beijing October art Publishing House Beijing Publishing Group , 2005 ) ; "Materials and Memory " ( China Press, 1999 ) .
Bergson more foreign research works , including a representative of the works Kolakowski (Kolakowski) was Past Master wrote " Bergson ," a book , from philosophy, art , morality, and religion each Bergson discussed the idea of the field , as well as the historical role of Bergson thought, influence and destiny ; . Bertrand Russell many works are related to the philosophy of Henri Bergson , in his " history of Western Philosophy " volume from a philosophical point of Bergson's philosophy of life was critical ; other more important works are: from rationalists still even up to two of the criticism of the book " Bergsonism or liquidity philosophy", " touching philosophy. " ; new Thomist critic Jacques Maritain 's important work ," Bergson philosophy "," creation and evolution of God, " Searle Dilan hot " Henri Bergson with God 's Creed " ; while the main issues discussed Bergson 's major works include : Baerluwa of " Henri Bergson ." Vladimirof " Henri Bergson ." ; discuss Bergson philosophy of religion . meaning of the works are: Adolf " Bergson's philosophy of religion ," according to Ed Kat " Bergson and the gospel of Christ ," Bass Ryder 's " Bergson and Plato ."
But overall , although scholars of Bergson 's theory there are many, but his thought was not wide enough field of research . From inside the philosophical point of view, the current theoretical research focused on " stretch " and " intuition ", the writings in this area , there are many ; its entire system of thought , the people on religious thought and ethical studies compared Bergson's ideas small, and very few people to explore their life philosophy and religious views of the internal logic links. But Bergson 's theory of the system , its commentary on religion is more important. In Bergson seems that a society can be no science, art , and even philosophy, but religion is indispensable. Late in his book "The two sources of morality and religion ", the Bergson expressed his religious views . His religion is divided into two types, one is static religion , another religion is dynamic and static religion can evolve into a dynamic religion ; former is confined within a limited social groups , whose beliefs are standardized , orderly , is static, the latter built on the basis of the above mystical love , covering the whole of the whole human race , and the resulting steady stream of creativity , can punch open all obstacles , is dynamic.
It Bergson focus of this article will be focusing on religion , meaning based on the analysis in the presence of their religious views and their philosophy of life philosophy sources , and then completed a preliminary exploration work on its inner logic associated with the religious views of philosophy , which from perspective of the philosophy of life to grasp the context of their religious views .
1 Background : Bergson's theory of the origin of religious views背景：柏格森宗教观的理论渊源
Bergson's philosophy of life as a flagship character , their interests, hobbies, and he is also involved in a number of areas of academic achievement . This paper is to study religious thought Bergson , for Bergson domestic religious thought few people interested , but also in foreign countries more than their religious ideas were criticized as mysticism , perhaps because of the huge impact of Bergson 's philosophy of life force , or is no religious thought Bergson stark system, but also can not be called thinking can only say that some of the religious point of view , but I believe that the idea say it is ideas, and ideas do not necessarily have to formal system exists. Given my limited capacity author , this article is just trying to illustrate the main religious views Bergson . Just Bergson am concerned, we can see from the writings of the late " two sources of morality and religion ," he attached great importance to explore the work of religion. While Bergson put forward their own religion, but everything in the world has its origins , the main content of this chapter is to try to sort out Bergson's theory of the origin of religious views .#p#分页标题#e#
1.1 , social background社会背景
October 18, 1859 was born in Paris. As important thinkers in France since the 20th century , Bergson childhood demonstrate the extraordinary talent. " First he was a mathematical genius , followed by a scientist before you can say is a superior metaphysician and philosopher ." ( Here quoted from Wang Li-ping " difference between stretches " the introduction of the first page ) Bergson graduated from high school in 1878 , the same year entered the Ecole Normale study philosophy , graduating in 1881 after working in a public school, engage in philosophical teaching. Bergson returned to Paris in 1888, three public high schools to give lectures , and get career success . From Bergson to embark on a scholarly way. 1927 Bergson to " rich and vibrant ideas and excellent presentation skills " and won the Nobel Prize for Literature . January 3, 1941 , the outstanding thinker Henri Bergson in enemy territory after standing for hours in the queue registered Jews in Paris , due to pneumonia attack and died . The main works include " On the direct material consciousness " ( 1889 ) , "Matter and Memory " ( 1896 ) , " Creative Evolution " ( 1907 ) , " two sources of morality and religion " ( 1932 ) . Other works include "Smile" ( 1900 ) , " spiritual energy " ( 1919 ) , " stretches and simultaneity " ( 1922 ) , "and the movement" ( 1934 ) and so on .
Brilliant achievements of Bergson 's life is closely related to his family life. Bergson 's father was a Polish Jew , was a very talented musician , in music education , the mother is also Jewish , from the north of England . Because parents are Jewish , Bergson grew up in a Jewish family , so Bergson from childhood influenced by religious Jews innate sense of belonging , which produce for the future of religious studies Bergson had a significant impact . 1907 Bergson published his most important work , " created by evolution" ( or " Creative Evolution " ) , this book is widely circulated and made him famous. But therefore , Bergson 's work was included in the banned book catalog Inquisition . But the reality is far from apologetic messenger who thought it would be bad, because Bergson essentially not anti-religious . On the contrary, it is fully affirmed the existence of Bergson value of religion, Bergson once said that a society can be no science , no philosophy , but they can not live without religion. Bergson before his death in 1932, the last of a book , " two sources of morality and religion " was published , it was his long-term thinking crystallization. Bergson detailed his major religious views in this book , we can also say that Bergson's own religious views . In 1937, Bergson intestate, his will and said, " If not contribute to the momentum of the anti- Semitic , he will be baptized in the Catholic church, but he is still willing to work with people in religious persecution together " ( cited in Section La Minkowski " Bergson " on page 3 ) , namely the Catholic Bergson declared himself morally . From the will , we can see that Bergson was a faithful believers . These factors also Bergson embodied religious views , or to some extent, these factors have contributed to the formation of Bergson 's religious views .
1.2 religious situation宗教状况
Bergson was born in 1859 , died in 1941 . Bergson 's life is scholarly , but it 's their life, it is the development of an era , historical period studded event . In 1859, Darwin's " Origin of Species " was published, the book 's publication marks the debate about the biological origins of a Copernican revolution in the field , from the declaration of the birth of the theory of evolution . Darwinism claims that life is the product of long-term evolution , that " natural selection , survival of the fittest " evolutionary point of view. Along with a variety of evolutionary theory on the origin of life have emerged , such as a flood . Many evolutionary theory proposed the existence of religion is a deadly threat , because the theory of evolution deny the existence of Almighty God, the Creator of the world , insisting that the biological world is evolved over a long period , rather than the so-called religion of God creation. More and more people become atheists , many people stood in the ranks of the opposition to religion , then religion has suffered heavy losses in Western countries . With the economic development of the 19th century the Western capitalist world , the Western capitalist countries more and more people into the city , to pursue their dreams , chase luxurious life of the city, people gradually abandoned the belief in mind, perhaps only when emptiness will occasionally stop at the church. A lot of people have been getting away from the religion. The development of the physical world will bring disaster to the human world , the outbreak of the first World Development 1914 , people saw the brutality of war . When people just forget about the pain of war, in 1929 the capitalist world economic crisis , the worst economic crisis to get people spiritual malaise . Less than 30 years after a war , renewed fighting in the capitalist world , World War II once again let people's hearts suffered the vicissitudes of life . People living in this era , after experiencing these human suffering mentally exhausted , they again put their wounded hearts toward religion.
Bergson lives in this war- filled era, he also experienced contemporaries experienced all the pain experience. Personally, Bergson also want religion, and make your own mind to be religious consolation ; Just as a thinker , the religious situation in this period undoubtedly had a significant impact on its theoretical system, thus promoting the formation of their religious outlook .
1.3 Religious Criticism宗教批判
Any theory is based on the theory or criticism from some for a certain point of view , that is to be targeted. Bergson's theory of religion , too, in his later works , " two sources of morality and religion " , for a description of the static and dynamic religion in religion , Bergson mainly referred to the view of two people , one is Salim , another is Levi --- Bruhl . Bergson , respectively, for the two views were criticized so on the basis of criticism put forward their own religious views .
Bergson in his description of the static religion , the opening will be referred to Emile . Durkheim (Emile Durkheim). He mentioned that the reason why is because when you explore " how a reasonable person would violate rational principle of religious beliefs ," Durkheim uses a "collective thinking" this term to answer this question. According to Durkheim 's argument that religion is a product of human society in the collective mind , rather than the product of individual thinking , so we will not need to try to reveal , "Why should we believe in the religious content of a single individual is confused "The answer to this question puzzled . Because of the different nature of collective thinking and thinking individuals , groups, social lifestyle is unique , which also determines the mode of thinking that it is unique , and these unique individuals are thinking do not have. Obviously, this view is not Bergson agree . Bergson believes that we should acknowledge the existence of collective thinking in this mode and customs regulations prophecy , but so that we are baffled by the output of these two modes of thinking and collective wisdom of individual wisdom , why mutual the conflict , so that the other side " puzzled ." If we believe the community originated in accident or custom, we will come to mutually binding collective wisdom is generated by individuals , so individual performance of some of the collective wisdom puzzled surprising . But in fact, no one recognized by the community originated in the accident, and thus Durkheim 's "collective thinking" view is flawed . Thus , Bergson considered when discussing the problems of religious why we should not just to explore from the collective thinking and collective performance, should pay more attention to the individual's mental activity , that is largely psychological state of the individual affect the existence and development of religion.
Bergson is based on Durkheim "collective thinking" criticism , which is more concerned about the mental state of the individual thinking and individuals in the study , which explored the religious point of view on the formation of a dynamic concept of Bergson had a significant impact .
In Bergson , " two sources of morality and religion ", the most frequently mentioned Bergson is a philosopher Levi --- Bruhl , of course Bruhl Bergson also been criticism most people. Bergson's critique of the focus placed on Bruhl "original thinking" concept , Bruhl considered primitive thinking should be responsible for superstitious behavior. Bergson pointed out that in Bruhl 's writings , we can understand the Bruhl that human intelligence is an evolutionary process , while also changing the natural logic " original thinking " comes from a different basic structure of this kinds of structures can be found in the backward nation in the modern era , it is important that we have used a new and different structure replaces the basic structure. Bergson believes Bruhl This view is essentially declared after hundreds or even thousands of years after the accumulation of individuals with hereditary habit of thinking , it changes the original nature, produce a new mode of thinking. Therefore, from Bruhl of this point of view , we can conclude that he considered religious superstition produced the original thinking, and why people today still believe in religion , because the signs of original thinking individuals people today thinking there . But Bergson skeptical of this assertion , example, he said , even as parents to their children 's habits inherited this situation are rare , it is also thought to have a genetic chance . Thus , although the emergence and development of religion and original thinking really closely linked , but religion is produced by a variety of reasons constituted not only confined to primitive thinking this for a reason.#p#分页标题#e#
Bergson stressed that if from the "original thinking " to our own personal thinking, there are two things we must do. First, we had to completely abandon all scientific knowledge , that we want to become ignorant ; Second , we need to allow ourselves to slack off , that we want to become lazy . And this description , since we do not take the initiative two things , at least very few people willing to do these two things , then , and now it is impossible to our personal thinking is hereditary in original thinking , so now there are the reason why people are still sane belief there are other important reasons for certain religions. So Bergson abandoned Bruhl "original thinking" point of view , embarked on the road of religious inquiry of its own .
2 . Philosophical theory origin哲学理论渊源
Philosophy of life formed in the 19th and 20th centuries, and throughout the 20th century , the major philosophical schools is widespread in Western countries . "Life is the modern western philosophy about the value and meaning of the doctrine of human life , is an attempt by means of the value of human life affirmation to smash essentialist thinking ." ( Quote from " Stressed" 46 ) 1859 Darwin " Origin of Species " was published, along with some of the theories about the evolution of life have also come out, and the philosophy of life is the product of the theory of evolution of life . When classical mechanics form the basis of modern natural science essentialism , the simple laws of mechanics became explain everything , including the phenomenon of life , including the doctrine of universal phenomenon , but human nature has not a significant difference , both are natural sciences the unifying law . By contrast , has advocated the theory of biological evolution of organic life is in constant evolution and generation , this view put forward a strong blow to the rigid view of nature and philosophy thesis , and thus life philosophy was born. Life should not be attributed to the philosopher who advocated nature, man and nature are fundamentally different. They claim that life is unique , there is a difference between natural and human nature, so in principle we are dealing with the natural sciences and humanities in the application should be different , in terms of the nature that we should get to know it , and for the people themselves and words should be understood , because life is a complex phenomenon , it does not take the initiative , fully show itself. Some philosophers even life is defined as the essence of life throughout the world, they claim that the world is not a static , mechanical dead thing, but a vitality, a constant , ongoing evolutionary process .
Development of the philosophical schools of philosophy of life is no obvious clues to the history of the development , have to undertake difficult to find the relationship between the different life before and after the philosopher , but they may exist similarities between them. For who is a pioneer in the philosophy of life may be controversial, but in comparison, comparing the lives of the earliest recognized from the German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey (W.Dilthey). Dilthey the human world and the natural world separate, he believes in the nature of all things or phenomena are mechanical operation, and the human world is contrast, it is a freedom and creative culture with the world , it is an inherent power of its own among the drivers , this power is a conscious life. Conscious life outside of that expression or human world , conscious life and express their text is culture. Moving human experience is expressed in the contents of these texts , it is only natural science Dilthey proposed method is not enough, but also the introduction of "understanding" or " empathy ." 1883 Dilthey published " Introduction to the Humanities ", thus formally established his unique method of humanities research . Following Dilthey appeared another German philosopher ---- Life Simmel ( 1858-1918 ) . Simmel believed that in the early 20th century , in the center of philosophy is the concept of life , it has become a starting point of all reality and all values , including philosophy, psychology , ethics, art and other aspects , including . He claimed that within each there is a steady stream of everything , self-improvement vitality. Things are evolving from its internal vitality push , he further pointed out that the superstructure of modern society ( political , economic, cultural ) development and changes are to be followed by the vitality of ( economic vitality , political vitality, cultural vitality ) the creation and destruction are around . Compared with Dilthey 's theory, Simmel 's "vitality " concept is more mysterious, more dense and reflects the ontological colors. Of course, in Germany, in addition to two Dilthey and Simmel , Eucken (R.Euchen) are also included in the ranks of the philosopher's life . Eucken think that philosophy is not the center of the concept , it should be fresh and very specific life or lives, the lives of a large universe of small personal lives. And live life and specific life is a process, in the course of human life , the spiritual life is more fundamental. The most distinctive philosophy of life when the number of representatives of France, Henri Bergson (Henri.Bergson 1859 --- 1941). If we say that on behalf of the German philosophy of life Dilthey main concern lies in the field of historical inquiry , then we can say that Bergson's philosophy of life involved in all areas of philosophy. Life philosophical doctrine proposed Bergson , marking the philosophy of life reached a historic height also means a mature philosophy of life .
Bergson's philosophy of life is considered to be representative , but also their life philosophy of epoch-making significance. With the 1907 Bergson 's most famous and most important book, " Creative Evolution " ( " evolutionary creation " ) publication , Bergson's philosophy has been a worldwide name - life philosophy. Bergson's philosophy of life is a new worldview , one kind of different from the traditional metaphysical worldview . The study focused on traditional philosophy , " the existence of (being)", its meaning is the body , in essence , we can call essentialism , essentialism is collectively modern Western way of thinking , it is first set in the nature of the object, and then use the default nature to explain the existence and development of the object, this way of thinking can be traced back in ancient philosophical ontology ; and life is a new philosophy of life and morality , the essence of life is life- giving body philosopher on the significance of the essence of life in the life of the philosopher seems natural science research is neither substance nor a "spirit" in the traditional sense , but a creative vitality implies , it is a free to release energy , some people call it a kind of " dynamic " or " bio-energy " and that "dynamic " or " bio-energy " in Bergson 's philosophy dictionary is called a " momentum of life " or "life impulse" .
"Life impulse" of this unique concept , due to the repeated use of Bergson's become well-known , but the term is also Bergson's philosophy in life is a more important concept , in fact, Bergson that " life impulse" in order to refute the theory of evolution was a popular criticism inside the passive mechanical and teleological perspective. Under normal circumstances , the mechanical theory of evolution tend to be broken down into several separate parts, which belong to different growing physical or chemical phenomena , and then based on these parts to reconstruct the evolution of life . But this reconstruction, leading to the evolution of life into a completely mechanical system, which follows the natural law of causality . Thus , it will not be able to explain the evolution of life in a lot of chance, leap phenomena, such as why different species have different biological organs ( eyes, mouth ) and other evolutionary problems. The purpose of evolution is argued that every living organism within itself there are some purposes , it is the presence of an implementation plan , and the process of evolution is the process to realize the inherent purpose of the species . This view is essentially a pre-formed theory, which insists that everything is given , thus teleological completely obliterated the creative evolution of life .
Bergson face a variety of evolutionary theory can not explain the phenomenon of the evolution of life , offered his "life impulse" hypothesis, although Bergson believes the concept of little value on its own , but he is convinced that the use of this concept can solve the above problem. Bergson describes the development of life forms impulse presented as a bundle , which through its own growth, continuing to create the phenomenon of life to share this impulse in different directions . Although the biological world vastly different , but fundamentally, these creatures have shared this " impulse ." Thus , both showing a vastly different world of life and show the scene with one of harmony linked. Life itself is a creation of impulsive movement . Bergson put "life impulse " as the creation of the world body , is the common presence of biological and non- biological basis ; him that life is not to create a universal impulse Creator of the world, but the world's original impetus , it life and unceasingly to promote the generation and change the world. There are two basic routes impulse of life , an upward movement to form a rich variety of life , a down fall, thus forming all inanimate substances, and the whole world will rise and fall in this process, generating all disappear only in the final impulse of life , where to find the perfect explanation.#p#分页标题#e#
19th century prevailing mechanistic view that any events in the universe are moving material particles constituting the spatial position of things in accordance with Newton's laws of classical mechanics made , and thus the mechanical determinist will use these laws to explain all of their research object. As Bergson said mechanistic principles is " to produce the same result for the same reason ." ( " Creative Evolution " on page 54 ) and this research method can achieve the ideal of all science , thus bringing all the knowledge into the field of physics. Determinists believe that all the details are fully subject to future decisions from start to finish , and when we use words such as " freedom of choice " or "creative " kind words , we are at ignoring the existence of a causal relationship ; principle, any specific universe can be our states are repeated , and to some extent , or changes can be avoided under certain conditions , that change is not absolutely unavoidable . This is the mechanical determinism . These views are discarded Bergson , but also Bergson object of criticism . Bergson believes that the nature of the mechanical theory that everything is given , namely that the future and the past is calculated based on the present. This statement is the first in the assumption of the existence of a super- smart , this wisdom can see the past, present and future , and the ability to be calculated . And Hao Huxley in a more concrete form to express this view , " if the basic proposition of evolution is correct, that the whole world , the world and inanimate world of life, the universe is composed of molecular force primitive nebula according to the results of certain rules of interaction , so it can be sure , and now the world is also among the universe of potential in the mist , and a smart enough once you understand the molecular properties of this fog , we can accurately predict 1868 Great Britain animal communities , as in the cold winter , people can predict the exhaled gas into a white vapor . " ( quote from " The Creation " 39 ) this is completely mechanistic . And thoroughly teleological too , from Leibniz 's theory can come to the conclusion that things just to achieve a predetermined and biological programs . This is exactly the same mechanistic assumptions , both believe that everything is given . The only difference between mechanical and teleological theory is that " in the course of our limited wisdom along the surface of the continuous progress of things , which illuminate the road in front of us and guide us forward , not behind us illuminate the road it replaces the past with the future driving force of attraction " ( quote from " The Creation " 39 ) this means that the mechanical theory prompted us to follow the laws of classical mechanics action, and for the same reason necessarily come to the same result , and therefore the mechanical theory words , it is not surprising given everything ; teleology is in our future setting a goal that guides us forward, no matter what, our destination is the same, and therefore a given purpose it provides through the road to the goal , but given everything will come out ahead . "These two theories are not willing to see in the course of things , or profiles that there is a form of creating unforeseen in the development of life " ( quote from "The Creation " 44 ) . In reality , the mechanical theory can only see something similar , or is constantly repeated . Therefore , the mechanical theory is followed to produce the same thing the same natural order of things . The application of the principles and application of teleological fact mechanistic causality , as the conclusions are " Everything is given ." In other words , these two theses will not allow or recognize something is created, even if this is just a form of creation . These views are discarded Bergson 's . Bergson believed that either nature or man , has been in constant rheology , they have been creating evolution, everything is not given , he put "life impulse " as the creation of the world body to produce is organic sector and inorganic circles common ground. All things in the world are under the impulse of life , driven by the constant flow , change , change their form , manner, ultimately is not a given that all mechanical and teleological as described , but can not prediction . We can know is everything in the universe together in a creative medium rheology .
In 1859, Darwin's " Origin of Species " was published, from the history of human thought has entered a new era. And this year, but also the great French philosopher Henri Bergson 's birth years . These two things do not seem to be associated , but the " Origin of Species" is destined to influence the advent of the French humanist thinker. After the " Origin of Species " was published, a 19th-century school of learning ---- evolution have also generated . "Life anterograde and retrograde ilk along two directions, along the line , life and his ilk crunch, cohesion , resulting in a biological organism ; retrograde , life and his ilk expansion, relaxation, depravity , there inanimate substances, biological community and non- biological , organic and inorganic substances have life through his ilk maintain and are derivatives of evolution to create life . " ( quote from" New Philosophy " 35 ) this is the evolution of life Bergson image description is Bergson's view of the evolution of life . Bergson in his famous book " Creative Evolution " is mentioned , he believes the power of change and evolution is "life impulse ." Impulse theory based on his life , on the negative aspects of Bergson criticizes Darwinism . Bergson stressed the evolution of life has its inherent inexhaustible motive force , and therefore the direction of the evolution of life should depend on the internal life " impulse" , rather than Darwinian evolution of life in the mentioned direction is determined by the external environment. As further support for their views , as the crown of creation of Bergson pointed out , his generation was not created by God , nor is it driven by other forces , but the self-creation generated . Human existence is not to adapt to the environment is generated , but to get the full advantage of the environment. One generation, growing up in a certain environment , that people only in specific natural environment in order to survive and develop. Bergson acknowledged environment can affect people, but he stressed that people take the initiative to take advantage of the environment rather than passive to adapt to the environment , human adaptation to the environment is a necessary condition of its formation and evolution.
3 Bergson logical extension of the dynamic view of religion柏格森动态宗教观的逻辑延展
Bergson explains its life impulse of self-generated and human creation, and people because of their presence in the form ---- sensible flawed , so God religion naturally designed to ensure that it is set along the route of human smooth forward. Bergson in his important work late , " two sources of morality and religion " and clearly reveal this. The book is Bergson 's last book before his death , but also summed up his life of academic thought. In this book focuses on the religious Bergson , explores the religious value of existence, and its usual dichotomy religious dichotomy , the concept of static and dynamic religion religious and further each of these two concepts connotation was described to explain the relationship between the two . I think this is long-term thinking Bergson crystallization where innovation is its theory , especially the concept of the proposed dynamic religion , it is a continuation of their life philosophy and the development of the life impulse theory, we can call Berger Mori unique view of religion . Therefore, the author whichever theory of religion is an important concept of " dynamic religion" in the name of their religious view is defined as a dynamic view of religion . I had come in to the "dynamic " word in response to changes in his life and his ilk stretches , indicating Bergson religious view of life is also an impulse driven by the evolution of religious views . Second to use Bergson dualism analysis, as he put knowledge into intellectual and intuitive , and other substances into the world and life , of course, he also put religion into static and dynamic religion religious parties concerned on such opposition , Bergson value of the latter, because only the latter is true, and reflects the trend of development of things in nature. In fact , Bergson unified sides with the latter . Therefore this context, dynamic religion is more important than the static religion. In summary two reasons, I will define Bergson's religious views as a dynamic religion, such a definition of the law perhaps slightly inappropriate , termed herein the time being .In this chapter , we will Bergson's dynamic religious views for discussion.
Bergson believes that religion is essentially biology , it is a natural preventive means adopted , the purpose is to deal with the risk of human intellect may bring . The reason why there is difference in the nature of other beings in the world , is that people have with other organisms do not have the intellect . Like ants, bees and other such animals are naturally endowed with a sound instinct, but it is human nature to leave another capacity --- intellect , instinct involved an ability to solve problems in the field . Humans also give full play to their senses , such as in the use of objective things , control dominated the event has made remarkable achievements, but also the existence of the human intellect obvious defects ; these defects will hinder the evolution of life upward motion . Intellectual defects can be briefly summarized as the following three points: First, the reason people selfish , that is reason people tend to personal interests ; Second, the reason people fear death , that sensible people realize that death ; Third , sane people have a " worry ", and this concern will dampen sane life impulse , thus impeding the process of the evolution of life . Faced with these sensible and natural flaws , carefully designed religion, with its fear of religious taboos , discipline to resist human selfishness , thereby maintaining solidarity groups in society ; their immortal souls to offset the human fear of death ; its religious miracle, to dispel the mystery religion of reason brings the " anxiety ." In short , the natural religion designed , is to prevent people brought sanity may cause evolution of life halfway danger.#p#分页标题#e#
This is the value of the existence of the religious views of Bergson brief description , we will be in the following text, the defects of human intellect and offset the effect of religion on intellectual deficiencies detailed analysis , interpretation.
Sensible people tend to focus only on the individual interests while ignoring the presence of human groups to do so will inevitably weaken and collapse of the unity of the human population. Life is a group basis , and to weaken and collapse groups will make it difficult to sustain the evolution of life . Bergson believes that "Nature is very easy to ensure the necessary cohesion groups ." ( Quote from " two sources of morality and religion ," 107 ) if she wants to keep the human population social cohesion , just give humans a similar animal instinct. And this is clearly reflected in the animal population out , nature gives bees, ants to instinct, they feel at ease living in the nest , there is no idea of the individual exists only for groups . To accomplish this task is actually nature in humans was not difficult , just to give people with instincts. Instinct is born with , but also with the Health coexistence ; like bees , ants instinctive nature of this type of insect populations on a slave and collaborative spirit, insect life, cells, tissues and organs are activated by this spirit. However , at the end of the human life course of evolution driven by the impulse , he was naturally endowed with the ability to reason . Human intellect made in terms of the use of objective things amazing achievements , but some will also affect the tendency of the human intellect , and even endanger maintain human society. Bergson stressed that rational reflection can encourage individuals to invent , so that the population has improved . But the community has been able to progress on the premise that it is self-sustaining . The " invention is an active behavior , the individual is likely to endanger the initiative calls for discipline groups ." ( Quote from " two sources of morality and religion ," 107 ) If the individual's thoughts digressed from the main direction , discard the group assigned to his task , but only focus on self- expression , and would have been able to put aside their own to pay for the group 's . This selfish tendency of individuals , obviously will gradually weaken community cohesion , thereby endangering the existence and development groups. Bergson said that if bees and ants portrait enslaved by instinct , then people will only focus on extrinsic goals they want to achieve ; like a lost soul like, automatically groups for their social work services. However , the reality is just the opposite , people are naturally endowed with reason , intellect and arouse his thoughts ; who once had thoughts will shift the focus of its own , focusing on their own interests , leading to only seek their own survival and development. That person is sane or intelligent attention to the development of self and not other things , if there is no obstruction, sane life will move toward the direction of this selfish to keep going , the consequences are unimaginable. Of course , the consequences can only be a selfish person ever , social cohesion decline , and ultimately the collapse of the social structure groups .
This is the first of a defect of reason - rational selfishness of people .
People are rational animals, can make people aware of the existence of intellectual death , in this state of mind will make people depressed , this will affect people's behavior and then digested the meaning of life . Bergson when describing human fear of death , the same is still referred to animals. He pointed out that animals do not know that one day they will die in this matter, of course, it does not know that death is inevitable for them to happen . Bergson admitted that animals can distinguish between life and death , that when they see live animals and dead animals from the exhibit different responses , action or attitude can be seen. But while we say, but it is not to say that animals have some knowledge of death itself ; from thinking in terms of , in terms of the animal is impossible to form an abstract concept for things up is simple body movements. Bergson was attacked by some animal death as an example to analyze fashion , he thinks this is their instinctive reaction , play dead aim is to escape predators , and not have to reflect on death . Even animals have some perception of death , they are doomed to not recognize their life in the future is bound to end some day , and this death may be a natural death may be accidental death. As humans, I do not know that death is a good thing, but in fact the opposite , people know their own death to escape the robbery . In contrast, the animals will be only the immediate and ignore the future, and humans have reasoning, overview and summary capabilities ; When people witnessed the phenomenon surrounding the end of life there is a death, he would infer escape death himself . This is a natural consequence of giving people reason will lead . And people have inferred this conclusion has become a roadblock ahead evolution of life on the road . In other words , thinking people in the face of death will be carried forward movement slowed life . Perhaps sometime in the future , the death of human beings such thinking will find solace in a certain doctrine , and finally to humanity beyond their own limitations, to improve their ability in practice. But until that time , the human race is always thinking of death cause depression , depressed . Even more decadent is that people know that they always have to die , but do not know when death is rather to . Death is irreversible laws of natural wind , and the person has to think about it inevitably always yet to come, it will make people produce a feeling of depression , such thinking will linger in people's minds , constantly repeated , and finally turned to not be aware of the skepticism . In fact, thinking about the inevitability of death for humanity against the natural intention , if we should be in accordance with the wishes of the natural birth rather than considering only care about death. Reflections on the death of the problem is the product of human intellect . The human fear of death will make people have a negative view of death , which affects people's behavior , digestion meaning of life.
4 Conclusion结论
Bergson pointed to a relatively healthy society, should have certain customs and precepts . Under normal circumstances be fixed customs became imperative , but becomes imperative customs should have the particularity of recognizability and has a designated value. Bergson further observes : In like our society, we have a legal and moral obligation , of course, we still have the custom , in some backward social groups , we can find the most is the custom. Some things in these practices is needed, and most of the customs and even can be said that an absolute majority practices " just from chance, or from the expansion of the real physical needs ." Two ( Quoted from "moral and religious sources " 109 ) in this way , all the commonly agreed or accidental become customary obligations should be observed ; therefore social group cohesion phenomenon is not reflected in the more imperative , guidelines, but people are not reflected in the the overall acceptance of those knee-jerk habit above . "Each member of the group of things are accustomed to , groups expect any action in each individual , have been branded with the mark of religion, because of the interdependence of people customs obedience , thus making himself out ." ( Cited from " two sources of morality and religion ," 109 ) in other words , we can put groups of society members comply with customs called religious practices , the situation in the relatively backward groups in society is obvious ; these members for order of religious practices so interdependent , so forget or abandon personal interests, but religion is not allowed to deviate from any violations of customs or happen ; which is what religious practices , religious precepts of duty, or it can be said that reflect its value .
In addition , when discussing the first Bergson religious functions , referred to the religious taboos . Bergson believed that religious taboos are always a relatively primitive religious prohibitions , a taboo has certain times, appeared taboo in uncivilized nation for the same thing does not have the limitations of today's force , of course, does not apply to many other things. From the perspective of individual members constitute a social group is concerned, they do not want the presence of contraindications , and thus feel the presence of contraindications is unreasonable because the taboo does not allow the expansion of intellectual activity , it may suddenly interrupted intellectual activity ; but from social groups point of view , there are taboos in favor of the maintenance and development groups in society , so there is a reasonable religious taboos when it exists in favor of maintaining and social interests of the human species .
Thus , according to Bergson 's theory, religious practices , prohibitions and taboos exist to some extent offset by reason of the threat posed by the defect , while the defect of reason here refers to a sensible first flaw - sensibly so selfishness of people . Religious precepts , the presence of people scruples taboo in intellectual activities in order to comply , obey these precepts , that religious precepts , the existence of taboos will enhance group cohesion of human society, so as to maintain unity and social groups , maintaining social development groups , which reflects the one hand, the value of religious existence.
The third flaw is sane rational thinking on the nature of people are worried about the uncertainty of the future , and this will dampen the impulse of life concerns , thereby delay or delay the evolution of life , for this defect of reason , religious people to demonstrate some " miracle" , as well as some " mysterious reason ." Bergson in " two sources of morality and religion " is caused by gambling to this topic , he pointed out superstition comes from people who win state of mind. As one person involved in roulette , bullet close to this person when the selected number , the person will be very nervous, becomes helpless ; expect some luck will come on his head . We try to analyze , when the man stole the bullets, he will try to be a bullet through his own efforts to follow certain rules, so to achieve their goals. But when the bullets going to stop moving even closer to the person selected number , a psychological luck in his heart quietly born, but this time he will resort to force some kind of super- causality hope that such beyond the causal power will achieve his goals. We own or in some movie, will see some kind of answer will be revealed when , to participate in most activities will closed his eyes, praying silently in their hearts hope the answer is his own wish ; actually in the process of our prayers , that is between our actions and the results we produce some kind of anxiety. And to lift this thing about the future is uncertain given the worries , the best way is to resort to some kind of mystical power or miracle, we usually put these mysterious force or miracle attributed to religion in God or gods , and this mysterious reason or miracle also constitute elements of religion or we can call it character. Thus, as the barbarians to the moment it shot out, he was not sure whether the middle of the goal , it may accumulate in addition to the usual practice of the self-confidence , he will be shot on target to produce a sense of anxiety , and this anxiety only the sense of eliminating certain external aid mysterious reason, that religion or religious miracle mystery . Through its practical and mystical religious factors to offset it sensible to bring them concerns the uncertainty about the future ; these uncertainties are beyond the control of the people , these uncertainties may make people hesitant to even shrink back.#p#分页标题#e#
Therefore , religious mystery, miracle offset by the third reason for worry defects generated are also reflects the religious value of existence .
Although the existence of human intellect defects to the development of human social groups and poses a threat , but also for religious reason to give up these deficiencies own solutions ; against selfish people of intellect , religion with its prohibitions and taboos to against the interests of people of this tendency ; sensible people for fear of death , religion concept for its regeneration , immortality of the soul to quell the fear of death ; easy to generate uncertainty about the future concerns for sensible people , their religion religion miracle, mystery religion to dispel people's concerns. Based on the above aspects , which embody the religious necessity of existence , and religion also fully demonstrated the value of its existence .
As we all know , France is a country with traditional dualism , Descartes was a dualist , Bergson also affected by this tradition . After analyzing the religious value of existence, we will continue to analyze Bergson's religious views , or that Bergson's dynamic view of religion . According to Bergson , the religion can be classified as " religious static " and "dynamic religion ", which are two different religions. He developed an early form of religion , such as pantheism , totem worship, witchcraft , myths and superstitions called " static religion ." This religion itself reflects a relatively " primitive ", this " primitive " in their static nature of religious groups , woke up , down tendency rational nature. Static religion plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining and development of human social groups in . It makes dependent on social groups , increased social cohesion , so as to maintain the unity and stability of human society ; its people cherish love life , eliminate the fear of death and uncertainty about the future concerns people's minds , so as to humans mind provides a sense of tranquility and security. And religion is dynamic contrast , relatively speaking, the "dynamic religion " refers to the late presentation of the religious development of the form, this form of religion behave more mature, which reflected the maturity of religion in its "above intellect , individuality , human nature " aspect . This religion contains a " static religion" effect , but it also a special focus on love, action to create these special qualities , Bergson dynamic religion as in the "life impulse" the perfect embodiment. While static and dynamic religion religion there are differences , but both are also interrelated, namely static religion can evolve into a dynamic religion. These are static and dynamic religion religious simple overview , in the following text we will both be further extended and analyzed.
Generated from human to date, there have been a variety of religions in the world , and among those around us there are a lot of people believe that religion, we hear a lot of religious legends from their mouths , many religious myths , and when those who believe in religion in describing these myths and legends , and looked always with a certain awe , and they seemed to believe that these religious myths and legends are true. " In Bergson opinion, based on the myth of the fictional religion , that religion is a natural static religion ." ( Quote from " Rereading Bergson " 196 ) Clearly, from the perspective of myth to Bergson religion under static a definition , it also shows that religious myths from the side is a very important part of the static religion . But this time , we want to help but ask why the existence of these religious myths and legends ; human fiction , myths and legends of the ability to fabricate and from where ? We first analyze the ability of such fabricated or fictional human myths and legends . Bergson in " two sources of morality and religion " is mentioned , whimsical is a feature of all superstitions are available; And psychologists believe this is related to the human imagination . And this is not the result of human imagination rational thinking, but from human beings , " potential" instinct. We mentioned in the first chapter, given the natural instinct of animals , giving humans the ability to reason . Although there are differences on the nature of man and animal , and human intelligence in a dominant position in human society , but in human society is still residual instincts or potential instincts. Although the "residual " , but this "residual " instinct continues to affect human society , animal instinct in there, especially at the end of the evolution of life emerged Hymenoptera insects ( such as bees , ants ) which is sent back to the head . Instinctive presence sustains the existence and development of animal populations . The remnants of human society instincts or potential instincts can play to maintain group solidarity , social cohesion , thereby maintaining the role of the existence and development of human society ; but this effect did not like the animal population instinct plays a direct , significant role , he played an indirect role. It is through the power of imagination and fiction contribute to human society. Formation for religious reasons but also because of this instinctive ability to create myths and fantasies superstitious . Bergson in " two sources of morality and religion " that human reason is unique , but precisely Ironically , the superstition is only there to be found in humans have intellect . In other words , the human intellect in addition to its range of activities , there is another capability - the ability to fiction ; different fictional and reason , which emphasizes fantasy and creativity. In the main forms of early human society , religion is a myth . And such is actually a form of fictional myth of the existence of a potential force that can influence the guise of the name of reason ( change or prevent ) human action . So , in fact, religious alternative to animal instinct , so to maintain unity and social stability. If the constraints of reason religion does not exist in human society , human society would be heading for a split or even death. Bergson that the human instinct to create the myth of the potential ability to create not only a myth, but also can produce drama, fiction . Full of " instinct" fictional fictional comedy novel. But relatively speaking, human society can no drama , fiction, but the only religion is indispensable . The existence of religion is in need of social groups , a mythical image of its life instead of our true perception, of course, this is an illusion , but this illusion , but you can limit human action . " An experience in the face of false thinking , it is possible to prevent the deep feelings of real experience. Natural processes have this pattern ." ( Quote from " two sources of morality and religion ," 97 ) That in the course of human development , there has always been this myth creation function. Thus Bergson pointed out , the human mind is infested with these myths are , in essence, with sensible people clustered down on superstition , but also the ability to only sane people would have superstitions .
Why has this myth of human creation functions to explain a problem begins when Bergson describes a static religion in its " two sources of morality and religion ," proposed that a reasonable person would have a superstitious religion. By creating a static religion religious myths to limit people's selfish behavior , so as to maintain group solidarity , and ultimately meet the needs of the community groups .
We mentioned in the article introduction to Bergson, a society can no scientific and philosophical , but not without religion. Let us continue to expand along the logic of what Bergson . We can say that , after humans have religion, maintain and develop its religious faith is inseparable from the people , there is a belief that people in human society . So what about religion Bergson it ? Let's try to analyze, Bergson that nature gives humans the ability to reason , humans make full use of their intellectual capacities and to develop the use of objective reality ; But the human intellect is also not perfect, because the intellect has the energy is usually reserves related to its knowledge , is to say , the human intellect restricted range of motion of his knowledge content . In the initial stage of human intellect , its activities in space and time is very limited , which is very narrow range of activities , so that when people are faced with something beyond their control area how to do it ? Bergson pointed out that when faced with this problem, the potential for human instinct of mankind to find a solution , and this is the magical power of faith . This kind of divine faith in a sense is to expand the range of human activities . We may civilized society today , everything in the entire universe follow the natural law of causality ; want to rule the world of science to find the original faith has become very difficult , but when we find this original faith , we it is also logical to explain this requires intellect and instinct to work together to accomplish this belief is because the survival of mankind exists . These exist in our society uncivilized uncivilized religion in society there , and even more obvious and exaggerated , these beliefs even encroached sensible range of activities. Bergson in " two sources of morality and religion " is mentioned , in the face of nature , human beings always have to face her intellect can not control everything in this embarrassing fact , this is particularly the case where the primitive prominent, they feel they simply can not grasp these unknown or fields. Therefore , these primitive unknown substance is no longer viewed as , but in addition a unique way - to deal with these ethical unknown . In other words , since human beings can not control these unknown things , then turn humans hope these natural things , give them to humanity , moral attributes they want to dominate the human race , but the prerequisite is to the benefit of mankind as a starting point . As Bergson said , " Since we do not have control of its forces , we must trust it ." ( Quote from " two sources of morality and religion ," 144 ) Bergson that human nature, I believe the first big trust an event in the natural world seems there is some intent. This intent to cause people to hope , hope for something. Therefore , people began to think about if the event has some personality traits , they will dragonflies will of the people , and even accept their prayers. Along this direction , the potential human instinct began fictional myth, and these gods are in constant upgrade process, they are not only able to meet the aspirations of the people to pray for them , and can succumb to the will of the people , so people began to belief in the myth of their god , pray to their God . And people will have faith , faith in the form of early human society there is magic, animal worship, spiritual beliefs and totems and beliefs of Shinto forms. Bergson in " two sources of morality and religion ," a book on magic denied the religious origins of this argument . Religion and Magic have some relationship, he believes magic originated in primitive peoples , and the magic comes from the human brain, is innate, it is the primitive desire to live in the hearts of the external projection of primitive applied to objective things when their power , they always want to be able to achieve their own ends, but the fact is often disappoint them ; when they gradually weakening control of things that have to be exhausted , they not willing to fail, but if according to their strength and the way it will not continue to achieve the desired results. So if things are primitive fantasies on automatic steering them , follow their instructions , all the problems are solved, then give these substances primitive humanity , people they can understand or receive instruction and listen to people 's arrangements , so they created magic . Primitive desire to encourage them to believe in magic to survive and eventually to faith worship it . Gradually, the magic has become one of the main forms of religion early human society. In primitive religion for an animal totem worship and worship is also very popular, many tribes to an animal as a tribal symbol , is a Shinto has the appearance of such a nature religion on faith . Religion generation and belief, faith and the spirit of humanity also has a long history , Bergson in " two sources of morality and religion ," a book for example , in some primitive religion , people appear to some fortuitous events due to some mysterious things, such as the fall of stoned people in this accidental phenomenon is attributed to the god of evil . In early human society , human death , disease, and accidents do occur are made to explain these mysterious gods . They believe there are gods anything , but if people are going to achieve their aspirations to those gods to pray to their faith .#p#分页标题#e#
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