物流在企业发展中的地位和作用：Status and role of SCM in the development of

1,Logistics concepts物流的概念

物流是指利用现代信息技术和设备，将物品从供应地向接收地准确的、及时的、安全的、保质保量的、门到门的合理化服务模式和先进的服务流程。物流是随商品生产的出现而出现，随商品生产的发展而发展，所以物流是一种古老的传统的经济活动。 

Logistics refers to the use of modern information technology and equipment, will be receiving goods from suppliers to be accurate , timely , safe, quality and quantity , door to door service model rationalization and advanced service processes. Logistics is the emergence of commodity production with the emergence , with the development of commodity production and development , so that logistics is an ancient traditional economic activities.

物流中的“物”是物质资料世界中同时具备物质实体特点和可以进行物理性位移的那一部分物质资料。“流”是物理性运动，这种运动有其限定的含义，就是以地球为参照系，相对于地球而发生的物理性运动，称之为"位移"。流的范围可以是地理性的大范围，也可以是在同一地域、同一环境中的微观运动小范围位移。物和流的组合，是一种建立在自然运动基础上的高级的运动形式。

Logistics in the "objects " is the material world also have the physical characteristics of the material and can be a part of that physical displacement of material . "Flow" is the physical movement , this movement had its limited meaning , as the reference is to the Earth , the Earth relative to the physical movement occurs , called " displacement ." Flow range can be large geographic range , it can be in the same region, the same micro-environment movement , small-scale displacement . "Objects " and " flow" , is a natural movement built on the basis of advanced forms of exercise .

其互相联系是在经济目的和实物之间，在军事目的和实物之间，甚至在某种社会目的和实物之间，寻找运动的规律。因此，物流不仅是上述限定条件下的“物”和“流”的组合，而更重要在于，是限定于军事、经济、社会条件下的组合，是从军事、经济、社会角度来观察物的运输，达到某种军事、经济、社会的要求。
Of each link between economic objectives and kind, between military objectives and kind, even among some social purpose and kind, looking for regular exercise . Therefore, the logistics is not only a combination of "objects" and "flow" under limited conditions , but more importantly because it is limited to combinations of military , economic and social conditions , from the military, economic and social point of view to observe objects transport to reach some sort of military , economic and social demands.
 

In the " Logistics term" definition of national standards that: Logistics is " receiving goods from suppliers to the process of physical movement , according to the actual needs of the transport , storage, handling, transport , packaging, distribution processing, distribution, information processing and other basic functions to implement combination . "

 

2 , the concept of the origin and development of logistics物流发展趋势

The logistics of this theoretical understanding of economic activity was first produced in 1901 . 1901 American John • F • Grew Weir (John.F.Growell) in the United States government report " Agricultural Products Circulation Industry Committee Report" for the first time discussed the impact of various factors on the circulation of agricultural products and the cost of mortgages thereon it opened the prelude to understanding the logistics activities . In 1915, Archie • Shaw (Arch. Shaw) in " a number of issues of market liquidity ," a book first discusses the role of logistics in the circulation strategy. In 1929, the famous American marketing expert Fred : E Clark (Fred.E.Clark) in his book " Principles of Marketing ", a book will be incorporated into the research areas of logistics business activities in the market , and pointed out that the logistics are in circulation subsidiary function.
 

With the development of the understanding of the logistics activities and theoretical studies , the logistics concept evolved and continue to develop.
 

According to the Japanese Logistics Management Association records, Japan after the 1950s , the economy has recovered to the level before World War II . Invest in large-scale enterprise equipment and renovation , technology has improved , productivity increased significantly . 1955 established the Productivity Center , the group in order to improve production efficiency circulation to ensure the smooth running of the economy and development , organized by the Izawa Michio a large delegation headed in the fall of 1956 the United States examines the logistics . Japan was not the "logistics " of the word , the name of the delegation as " distribution technology professional mission ." The delegation during the United States, Mr. famous American professor Ken Basi mentioned, the reason why the United States for 30 years successfully developing the national economy , one of the reasons is that only value productivity but also to the efficiency of distribution . U.S. industry truly recognize the importance of logistics base after 1950 , has been valued at just before this sale, only the transport, storage, packaging, handling and other logistics activities as a sales aid activities. Japanese technical mission also found in circulation in the United States , Japan, was originally known as the flow technology transportation, packaging and other activities, the Americans called Physical Distribution (PD). After returning to Japan, the delegation raised the attention of the logistics Bianxiang government proposal and the industry set off a PD Enlightenment . Established within the Japan Management Association of PD research , inviting Mr. plain straight ( Institute of successive loading , unloading , president of the Japanese Association , known as the "Father of the logistics of the " Japan) as president PD seminars held monthly ; in circulation economic Research Institute , Japan authoritative scholar Professor Lin Zhouer logistics , also organized PD Research Council, and actively carry out various forms of enlightenment and education . After eight years of efforts, the Japanese government finally began in 1964, attracted the attention of the PD . MITI invited several times to go straight plain Mr. PD importance of government agencies , government officials lectures . In July, MITI decided to discussing the logistics budget , worried that the Japanese news media reported speaking PD did not understand , then invited Mr. plain straight with ninety Mr. Yamauchi ( Nippon Express Co. Senior Managing Director ) deliberations . Yamauchi Senior Managing considered PD in "P", ie Physical here is not "material " means , but " physical " means , Distribution of " circulation " means, so the PD should be translated as " physical circulation" , but feel as a noun, " physical circulation" word too much, for too long, had to shrink as the "material flow ." Thus, " the flow of things ," the new word in the whole Japanese media published . Since then, the "material flow " increasingly well-known in Japan, well known. Committee structure within the industry set up a " matter of circulation branch ." 1970 founded one of Japan's largest logistics group called " objects Dealers Association of Japan ." In the same year set up a similar organization to another Japanese logistics , Logistics conferences in Japan Logistics Management Agreement will be held every year called "national circulation conference matter ." After 1970 a lot of people also feel that "things flow " is also a bit long , so they simply referred to as the "logistics " of the. " Logistics " is the word still in use in Japan.
 

China's logistics concept in the early 1980s by two ways incoming from abroad . One is with the introduction of marketing theory passed from Europe , because Europe marketing theory involves Physical Distribution. The second is the direct introduction of the " logistics " concept from Japan. To the current definition of logistics theory mostly learn from Japan that is of material from logistics providers to those who need physical movement, including in the provider 's physical movement inside the main value is to create time and space value logistics activities on specific meaning , different countries , different agencies and different researchers have different interpretations , but as time progresses , the concept and meaning of logistics continues to develop . The origin and evolution of the concept of integrated logistics , logistics in this can be defined as: logistics is to meet the customer's needs at the lowest cost, through transport, storage, distribution, etc., to achieve raw materials , semi- finished goods and related information from plan origin of goods to the consumer of goods carried , implementation and management of the entire process. Logistics components: transportation, distribution, warehousing , packaging, transportation and handling of goods, distribution processing, and related logistics information and other links .

 

3 , logistics type物流类型

Socio-economic activities in the field of logistics and everywhere , and many have their own characteristics in the field of logistics activities has its own characteristics , although logistics basic elements are present, but the basic elements in common, but due to different objects logistics , logistics purposes different logistics range of different areas , the formation of different types of stream.#p#分页标题#e#
 

Since there are different types of logistics , will inevitably produce with adaptive classification , in order to distinguish awareness and research . Currently there is no uniform classification standards and view a comprehensive discussion already , many scholars take the following corresponding division approach: the macro -and micro- logistics logistics ; social logistics and business logistics ; international logistics and regional logistics ; general and special logistics Logistics . The following description of each .

Macro Logistics is the logistics activities of social reproduction in general , awareness and research of logistics activities from the perspective of social reproduction in general . This logistics activities constitute participation by society in general is a big industry , and a large group , it is the study of macro- logistics logistics overall social reproduction , research industry or group of logistics activities and behavior. Macro Logistics can also be understood from the context of space , a lot of space in the areas of logistics activities , often with a macro, logistics activities in a small space areas are often with microscopic nature . Macro Logistics also refers to the logistics of all , from the overall look of logistics rather than from a certain point of view constitute aspects of logistics logistics .
 

Consumers , practical, concrete producers logistics activities are micro enterprises engaged in logistics in the entire logistics activities, a local , a link among specific logistics activities are micro logistics, in a small geographical space of specific logistics activities are micro logistics . Logistics activities for a particular product-specific micro-logistics is also carried out . The following logistics activities we often belong to micro-logistics involved , namely: enterprise logistics , production logistics , supply logistics , distribution logistics , recycling , logistics, waste logistics, logistics, life , characterized by micro-logistics research is specific and localized . Thus, the micro-logistics is closer to the specific enterprise's logistics . Beyond a social logistics refers to a social area for the community for the purpose of logistics . This social logistics are often highly specialized logistics borne by people assume . Large areas of social logistics field of social economy. Logistics activities of social reproduction process Logistics Research ensuing study logistics activities in the national economy , how the formation services in the community , for the community and the social environment running in logistics, research in social structure and operation of the logistics system , and therefore with Looking and extensive.

From a business perspective on research relating to logistics activities . Be specific, the typical microscopic field of logistics activities . Enterprise logistics but also differentiate the following typical specific logistics activities : production and logistics . An enterprise in the production process of logistics activities . This logistics activities are associated with the entire production process , in fact, constitutes a part of the production process . The process of production logistics companies generally are: raw materials , spare parts , fuel and other auxiliary materials from the warehouse or business enterprise " doorway " to start , go to the beginning of the end of the production line , the production process further with a link to "flow " in the "flow" of the process, itself being processed , but I have some scrap material until the end of production, processing , and then "flow" to the end product will be a production warehouse logistics process . In the past, people in the research and production activities, mainly focused on the production process one by one , to the neglect of the production process for each strung together , and again, and every production process occur simultaneously logistics activities.

For example constantly left on a step to the next step , we will continue to occur move onto the next , forward movement , temporary stagnation logistics activities , in fact , a production cycle , logistics activities was far more than the actual processing time time . Therefore, the study of production logistics for power, for power saving time and labor savings for the force is very large . Enterprise supply logistics . To ensure the enterprise 's own rhythm of production, the organization continued raw materials, parts , fuel, auxiliary material supply logistics activities , logistics activities for this production of normal and efficient conduct plays a significant role. Enterprise Supply Logistics is not only a goal to ensure the supply , but also in the lowest cost , with minimal consumption, in order to ensure maximum supply logistics to organize activities under limited conditions , therefore , it is a big difficulty. Modern Logistics is based on non- commodity market shortages such a macro environment to study logistics activities in this market environment, the supply quantity guaranteed to be easy to do, competition is the key to business : how to reduce the cost of the logistics process it can be said that the most difficult enterprise logistics .

To this end, it is necessary to solve enterprise supply logistics supply network problems effectively , modes of supply problems , zero inventory problems and so on. Enterprise sales logistics . In order to ensure the interests of business enterprise itself , constantly accompanied by sales activities, product ownership to the user's logistics activities . As mentioned above, in modern society , the market environment is a complete buyer's market , so it has a strong sales and distribution activities of the service to meet the requirements of the buyer , and ultimately sales. Under the premise of this market , sales tend to be served after the service user and considered terminated, therefore , the spatial extent of sales logistics will be great, this is where the difficulty of distribution logistics . In this context , the characteristics of the logistics business sales , is achieved through the packaging , delivery , distribution and other logistics sales, shipping method which requires research , packaging level , transportation routes, etc. and to take all such small quantities , multiple batches , timing, distribution and other quantitative methods to achieve the purpose of the special logistics . Corporate recycling logistics . Enterprises in the production , supply, sales activities will always produce a variety of odd bits and waste, recycling is the need to accompany these things logistics activities , and, in an enterprise , recyclables handled properly, will often affect the entire production environment even affect the quality of products , will occupy a lot of space , resulting in waste . Corporate waste streams. Of useless items Enterprises emissions for transport , handling, processing, logistics activities.

International logistics is a modern logistics system has developed rapidly, a very large field of logistics , international logistics and support logistics activities associated with international economic relations , trade and other international exchanges occurred . Due to the rapid expansion of the last ten years, international trade, deepening international division , ending the Cold War between East and West , as well as Europe and other hot issues to accelerate the pace of integration , logistics has become a modern international logistics research.

Relative to international logistics , the logistics of a national scope , a city logistics, a logistics area are in the same economic laws, regulations, under the system are subject to the same cultural and social factors that are in basically the same technology level and the level of equipment being so , has its own unique characteristics, the region has its own characteristics . Logistics in each country to identify the difference and the difference lies, find out the connection point and the common factor , which is an important foundation for the study of international logistics . Logistics have in common , but different countries has its own characteristics, such as Japan, logistics , shipping is a very prominent feature of its Japanese homeland small , nationwide distribution system is also very characteristic. U.S. logistics , the role of large vehicles is very prominent , due to the integration process in Europe , countries are also prominent features of the division of labor and so on . This study is not only to understand the characteristics of each country 's logistics will be helpful , but also to promote mutual learning and promoting the development of a huge role . Japan is in the study of U.S. logistics based on the absorption , digestion, from the development of unique logistics . A key area of logistics research , urban logistics, developing countries in the world , a very important thing in common, is to strengthen the social division of labor , international cooperation , to cause a city and surrounding areas have gradually formed a small economic regions, which become important micro-foundation of social division , international division of labor . Development of urban economic regions depends on the establishment and operation of logistics systems. Urban Logistics to study a lot , for example , an urban development plan, not only to direct the planning of logistics facilities and logistics projects, such as construction of roads, bridges , building logistics group , the construction of warehouses , and the need to logistics constraints , to plan the entire urban area, such as factories, homes , railway stations , airports and so on. Logistics has become a focus of the world's major urban planning and construction to be studied . After the formation of the city , the city's economic activities , political activities , events and other activities are also the people to rely on the logistics , so urban logistics but also of urban production and living materials needed inflow of how , and how to more effectively supply to each form plants , waste every organ , every school and every family , the city formed a huge cost and how to organize the logistics and so on.
 

An important feature of the general logistics refers to the common and general logistics activities , logistics activities , involving the whole of society , companies , the establishment of the logistics system , the development of logistics activities must have general applicability . Basis points logistics system is also here , otherwise there will be a lot of logistics activity limitations, a small adaptation , the role of logistics activities on the national economy and society has greatly restricted the .
 

Specialized range of specialized areas , special industry in general to follow the law , based on the logistics with special constraints, specific application areas, special management, the special object of labor , machinery and equipment of special characteristics of the logistics , all belong to the scope of the special logistics . Produce specific logistics activities are deepening social division of labor , logistics activities and refined product rationalization , while maintaining universal, general logistics activities premise , and to be able to have the characteristics of the formation of scale , economies of scale can produce logistics will form itself the unique way of logistics activities and logistics . Research special role in promoting the development of the logistics of modern logistics is huge.

4 , characteristics and development trends of modern logistics现代物流的特征及发展趋势

With the advancement of social and economic development and electronic information , science and technology, content and scope of the logistics system to expand and extend continuously to achieve the transition to a modern logistics traditional logistics . Compared to traditional logistics, modern logistics has the following salient features :
 

Industrialization. The difference between the most modern logistics and traditional logistics lies in the nature of modern logistics presents the characteristics of industrialization . The emergence and development of logistics industry is to a certain stage of economic development , deepening social division of labor product . Traditional logistics activities are scattered in different sectors of the economy , as well as among different enterprise internal organization of different functions . With the rapid economic development , improving the level of science and technology and accelerate the process of industrialization , mass production , mass consumption makes the economy increasingly large -scale and complex logistics , traditional decentralized logistics activities has far can not meet modern economic development requirements, logistics activities inefficiencies and high costs , had an impact on economic efficiency and social reproduction constraints smoothly , and was regarded as " the dark continent 's economy ." Since the 1980s , some American , European countries began a variety of logistics functions to integrate elements of the "logistics revolution ." The first is internal logistics resource integration and integration , formed the core of enterprise logistics system , logistics management , and also will become a separate department within the functional areas of business . After consolidation and integration of logistics resources are no longer confined to the enterprise level , but transferred to the interconnectedness , the division of labor in the whole industry chain , formed the core of supply chain management , social logistics system, logistics activities gradual differentiation from the production , trade and consumption processes , and become a professional , new economic activities undertaken by independent economic organization . On this basis , developed economies appeared to businesses and consumers with specialized logistics services business, namely "Third Party Logistics " (Third one Party Logistics) business. In large numbers and trend of rapid development of various specialized logistics companies show that specialized logistics services as a new specialization in the field , has become an important part of an emerging industrial sector and the national economy.
 

Systematic. Logistics is the traditional way of looking at all aspects of isolated logistics , constitutes all aspects of logistics, lack of organic links, which will focus on the nature of modern logistics reduction of logistics, from a systems perspective into account all aspects of logistics , namely transport, storage storage, packaging , handling , distribution processing , distribution, logistics information. In addition, the range covered by traditional logistics usually refers to all aspects of the factory logistics . And modern logistics is extended to the two traditional logistics to make production in the field of logistics activities expanded to cover commodity production, use , disposal , recycling the entire cycle , so that the social enterprise logistics and logistics together organically . Because all aspects of the logistics system there is a " Trad " phenomenon , so the traditional logistics division to manage all aspects of activity often leads to neglect due attention to certain aspects of the overall efficiency of the logistics system . And because the full attention of modern logistics coordination of all aspects of the logistics operation , so you can make the whole logistics system to maximize the overall effectiveness of cost minimization .#p#分页标题#e#
 

Information . Modern logistics and traditional logistics The most obvious difference is that modern logistics full use of information technology. Logistics and information technology commercialization performance of logistics information and logistics information collected and coded database of logistics information processing electronic and computerized logistics standardization and real-time information delivery , logistics and other digital information storage . Therefore , barcode technology (Bar code), database technologies (Database), electronic ordering system (EOS: Electronic Ordering System), Electronic Data Interchange (Electronic Data Interchange, EDI), quick response (Quick Response, QR) and efficient customer response (Effective Customer Response, ECR), enterprise resource planning (Enterprise Resource planning, ERP), real-time information systems, global satellite navigation and positioning system (GPS), information technology, the Internet and other technology will be widely used in modern logistics system.
 

Service-oriented . Modern logistics more attention than the traditional logistics services to customers and to meet customer demand as the goal from industrial level point of view, modern logistics in both industrial characteristics , but also because of its service -oriented features become an important part of the tertiary industry . Logistics industry to profit from the excavation , said the process is essentially the profit transfer of logistics costs , specifically the cost of logistics enterprises so that the logistics of manufacturing enterprises through quality logistics services save a lot of manufacturing companies to increase actual profits , and contractual relations services also determines the value of the logistics industry obtained its investment in logistics services for services rendered .
 

Internationalization. Traditional logistics is developed at a lower level of productivity , the companies more in the local area to find raw materials , capital and labor for production , regional, international I, nJ economic and trade exchange based mostly finished . However, with increased levels of productivity and economic globalization , regional economic integration enhancements , to meet multinational companies looking for sources of raw materials, components , capital and labor in the world, select the appropriate distribution centers and distribution warehouses worldwide market necessarily need to build efficient, safe and reliable logistics service network, thus modern logistics with international characteristics.

In developed countries, the development of modern logistics very quickly. Forefront of the United States and Japan have been walking in the area of ​​logistics development of modern logistics late start in Europe , but recent government departments and enterprises under the attention has also been a great development .
 

U.S. economic model has the information and communication in the field of new technologies into the flexibility of organic societies , so be the first to achieve a high degree of integration of information technology and logistics in the world . U.S. production and circulation rate is very high , which makes corporate profits and investment income can continue to increase, thereby inducing new investments in research and development , this investment further improve labor productivity, a virtuous circle. U.S. experts Litan was calculated in 2001 in the field of logistics information revolution brought the U.S. economy to reduce transaction and transportation costs, reduce inventory and other aspects of the management of savings , such as in manufacturing , the cost is reduced to 1% to 2% . With a considerable degree of information through France China vigorously develop modern logistics application software technology , the pursuit of a high starting point of the level of information technology , has achieved remarkable results. France KN company in the world 98 countries , 600 cities in the logistics business . In the absence of their own ships, cars and aircraft , the company designed and developed by the entire logistics information systems, logistics and resources around the world to integrate air operations done it the world's fifth weekly traffic 19000 times its shipping business is the highest in the world .
 

Economic historian Angus Maddison past 1000 by the World Economic analysis indicates that : 500 years to develop the vast majority of the results of the global economy by reducing communication and transportation costs associated with economic liberalization and declining transportation and communication costs will continue promote economic integration. From this point , the integration of modern information technology, logistics and transportation will continue to have a positive and profound impact on the world economy running .

Under the dual promote economic globalization and e-commerce , the logistics industry is rapidly becoming an inevitable trend in the current transformation and the development of the logistics industry from the traditional to the modern logistics logistics . Under the guidance systems engineering thought, with information technology as the core , and strengthen the integration of resources and logistics to optimize the whole process is the most essential characteristic of modern logistics. Internationally, the systematic application of information technology integration and standardization of two key technology integration and optimization of logistics has played a revolutionary impact , network planning and optimization theory and methods , automation, intelligent application of key technologies and new packaging application of scientific and technological advances in materials and technology, modern logistics also play a significant role in promoting and greatly reduce logistics costs , and support new technology platform next innovation.
 

In the major logistics service providers committed to pursuing leading-edge technology competition, the development of modern logistics technology generally presents four main directions, namely logistics technology and equipment automation , logistics management, information technology , logistics, intelligence and operational processes multiple technologies and integrated hardware and software platform . In contrast, the current information technology of modern logistics, the rapid development of integration , which is more popular in the transverse field . In a longitudinal field, the development of modern logistics information integration and intelligent direction .

5,Conclusion结论