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在1933年至1977年间，只有两名共和党人来竞选总统，倔们就是德怀特•艾森豪威尔和理查德•尼克松。他们两人经常针对一件事情有着不同的看法：一个是英雄，一个是坏蛋。在人们的印象之中艾森豪威尔（Ike）是一名和蔼可亲、无私奉献的五星上将，仿佛总是可以置身于党争之外；尼克松则是一个冷酷无情、精于暗算、生性多疑、心胸狭窄的骗子。曾在《纽约客》任资深编辑的Jeffrey Frank写了一本书，内容就是关于这两位并不像搭档的双人组合，该书更加细致地描述了他们的性格。虽然他俩在政治上各执己见、关系也处的不是太好，但艾森豪威尔和尼克松的相似之处比人们通常认为的要多。 在1952年，艾森豪威尔指定尼克松为他的副总统候选人，因为尼克松有着他并不具备的品质，艾森豪威尔——这名来自堪萨斯的老兵需要一个纯政界出身的年轻人。而这个人最好与他的政治派别相反，因为这样可以满足其党派之需；最好还是个加州人，这样就可以帮助他赢得加州人民的支持——尼克松就是不二之选。这两人是否相处得融洽并不重要，重要的是他俩获得了48个州中39个州的支持，并且收获了55%的选票。 BETWEEN 1933 and 1977 only two Republican presidents were elected, Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. They are often seen as opposites: the hero and the crook. Eisenhower (or Ike) was the genial, selfless five-star general who seemed tofloat above the fray of party politics. Nixon was the cold, conniving liar, paranoid and petty. Jeffrey Frank, a former senior editor at the New Yorker, has written a book about the unlikely duo, which offers a more nuanced portrait of their personalities. Though they disagreed about politics and struggled to get on, Ike and Dick were more alike than is often thought. Eisenhower picked Nixon as his vice-presidential nominee in 1952 because he had qualities Ike lacked. The old warhorse from Kansas needed someone young and nakedly political. An anti-communist would satisfy the party and a Californian would help to win over the Golden State. Nixon it was. It did not matter so much that the pair squabbled. They won 39 out of 48 states and 55% of the popular vote. They often failed to see eye-to-eye. Nixon was a hawkish adviser who blamed Democrats for losing China to communism. Eisenhower strove to avoid war at any cost. He ended the Korean war and refused to send soldiers to Vietnam, Hungary and Suez. The two had different views about the space race as well. When Russia launched the satellite Sputnik into space in 1957, Nixon saw it as a failure of Western civilisation. Eisenhower said, “Any of you fellows want to go to the moon? I don’t. I’m happier right here.” This was a source of tension between them. Nixon would grumble about foreign policy and defence. He could be bitter. “This ‘togetherness’ bullshit,” he said of Eisenhower’s doveish multilateralist defence policy, “I don’t believe in that. I think the time will come when we’ll look back at this era and ask ourselves whether we were crazy or something.” Ike could be standoffish in return. But Ike needed Dick to be his political hound dog. Nixon savaged the administration’s opponents, which allowed the president to be an apolitical, national figurehead. An aide called this Eisenhower’s “dirty work”. When Joseph McCarthy, a Republican Senator, overreached in his crusade to hunt communists from public life, Adlai Stevenson, a targeted Democratic governor of Illinois, pointedly declared that a “political party divided against itself, half McCarthy and half Eisenhower, cannot produce national unity.” Eisenhower decided it was time to restrain McCarthy. A fervent anti-communist and talented orator, Nixon was well placed for this. He laid into McCarthy on Saturday-night television, logically unweaving his illiberal argument. “It was just right, Dick,” Eisenhower said over the telephone. Eisenhower could be ignoble, too. After the Supreme Court declared segregated schools unconstitutional in 1954, he wrote, “No other single event has so disturbed the domestic scene in many years.” Martin Luther King observed that Nixon did more for race relations than Eisenhower. Nixon spoke passionately about civil rights on the stump. He took on critics during the passage of the 1957 Civil Rights Act. At a time when political machinations are all too overt, it is entertaining to learn about the wheeling and dealing during a more discreet age. Yet readers may wish less space was devoted to how Dick felt about Ike, and then how Ike felt about Dick. All this gossip seems to take up valuable space: the Suez crisis, for example, covers no more than two pages. The Iran coup and important details about America’s economy are missed out altogether. Mr Frank tells an absorbing story in a breezy, lucid way. But as a work of history, the book leaves something to be desired. American journalist and author Jeffrey frank's book "Ike and dick: a strange political marriage" published a few days ago, American media commentary."Ike" and "dick" is a nickname for Eisenhower and Nixon, respectively, both two-term President, Richard Nixon or two terms as President Eisenhower's deputy, but in the eyes of the American public, two different personality, background, age, their evaluation to mixed poles.Book revealed two people for nearly 20 years of political and personal relationship, overturns them in public for the first time in the image. In 1933-1933, the American election appeared only two republican President, Dwight Eisenhower and Nixon. For a long time, two people in the American public image contrast, some people simply summed up as "heroes" and "liar". Eisenhower was seen as a kind, selfless and seemed to be detached from above partisanship. Nixon was a cold and cunning liar, paranoid and mean. However, the historical truth is not so simple. Eisenhower and Nixon met in election year 1952. In the republican party at the time, Richard Nixon was a young elite. That summer, Eisenhower choose only a few face Nixon as his running mate. But, in fact, the 62 - year - old world war ii hero, 39, California senator Nixon as "naive, blindly follow the forest children". So, why give away many senior republican politicians and Eisenhower choose such a naive boy" After the White House, Eisenhower found him on many issues can't agree with Nixon. Because of dissatisfaction with the Eisenhower administration's foreign and defense policy, Nixon sometimes rhetoric, not to the President to keep face. Nixon had remarked Eisenhower mild multilateralism defense policy: "this kind of" solidarity "is shit, I don't believe this. When we look back at this time, ask ourselves whether we are crazy or what, the moment will come." For such a speech, Eisenhower usually in response to cold. Nevertheless, Nixon and Eisenhower did not take advantage of the crisis to grab power. 1955 Eisenhower heart attack and unable to fulfill presidential duties for up to six weeks time. During this time, President Nixon played a role in a cabinet meeting. Nixon's performance in this crisis has been highly praised, one important reason is that he did not attempt to seize power. In addition, the 1957 Eisenhower stroke, Nixon also showed cautious restraint. Some aides Nixon and Eisenhower's relationship is also poor, which is trying to keep Nixon re-elected vice president. In these people's clamor, in December 1955, at a meeting on Eisenhower, Nixon should not seek re-election, Vice President, should serve as minister in his second session of the cabinet. But Nixon believes that it would ruin his political future. Finally, Eisenhower expressed understanding for the concerns of Nixon, chose him as his running mate again. Disclosure book said, "Ike" and "Dick" is a pair of "The Odd Couple." Although the two men in less than a lot of things to say, but "Ike" need "Dick" when his "political hound." An aide said Nixon Eisenhower dry "dirty live." For example, when Republican Senator McCarthy to take drastic action to "cleanse" when the so-called "communists," a senior Democratic Governor Stevenson said pointedly, "a self-separatist political party (referring to the Republican Party), half McCarthy and half Eisenhower unable to create national unity. "Eisenhower decided to stop McCarthy, then," anti-communist experts "on the evening television program Nixon lashed McCarthy. After things are, Nixon called Eisenhower said: "progressing smoothly, Ike." In frank opinion, Eisenhower some aspects are not fair. In 1954, the United States Supreme Court ruled segregation is essentially a kind of inequality, ended in American society there is already a long time of white and black students must be at the phenomenon of different public schools. Dissatisfaction with the ruling Eisenhower and Nixon, on the other hand. The famous American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, jr. Note that Nixon on the issue of race relations than Eisenhower do more. New book commented that gold and Nixon have a in the world it seems most unlikely political friendship, in the field of civil rights, than Eisenhower and Nixon is more sincere. However, in the public eye, Eisenhower presidency of all the accomplishments in the President's name. Eisenhower once told Richard Nixon: "personally, I think if I can only live for five years is expected, you can't be in the position of the vice President, eight years because people have such idea, vice President didn't do anything." In the summer of 1960, Eisenhower was asked: "can you think of Nixon's contribution to your government?" Eisenhower replied: "well, if you give me a week time, I might think of one." Didn't expect that the 1960 general election, the democratic rival Kennedy used this passage against Nixon. Notes: [1] Joseph Ray Mende • • McCarthy (Joseph Raymond McCarthy, 1908-1957), American statesman, born in Wisconsin, U.S. Republicans, fanatical extreme anti-communists. 1942, when the United States entered World War II began, he joined the Marines. In 1946 he was elected to the Senate relies on anti-communist views, during any senator, a frequent contributor to attack the Communist Party of speech condemning Truman and George Marshall • • Cartwright treat weak attitude when communism helped Eisenhower was elected president. He served as Chairman of Government Activities Committee, and Roy • Cohen, manufactured in the United States to clean up the impact of the Communist Party, directing investigation committee to investigate the Democratic members of the United States as well as his political opponents, he has opinions on newsmakers, many people were dismissed, arrested and even death. Later he engaged in the armed forces loyal to the survey, resulting in Eisenhower's dissatisfaction. 1954, the Senate passed a bill condemning the persecution of political McCarthy. 1953, Dwight Eisenhower was president • McCarthy break with Republican leaders. June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel scientists • Rosenbergs sentenced to death on the electric chair, resulting in a U.S. white terror. December 2, 1954, the Senate 67 votes to 22 votes to pass a resolution formally condemning the McCarthy "breach of Senate tradition" behavior, thus ending the "McCarthy era." [2] Second Middle East war (Suez Crisis, also known as the Suez War, the Suez Crisis, the Sinai Campaign, the card on behalf of what action) is to win the British and French control of the Suez Canal, and Israel jointly, in October 1956 on the 29th, to launch military action against Egypt. Anglo-French action in the three countries has been widespread criticism of the international community. Both countries Soviet intervention in this event, and three pressure. November 6, under strong international pressure Britain and France were forced to accept a cease-fire resolution, Israel also agreed to withdraw November 8 Sinai Peninsula. British and French military adventures ultimately failed, and only reached its aim of Israel to some extent. The war also marked the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union to become a true force to dominate the Middle East and the world. Time: October 29, 1956 - November 7th The war party: Egypt; Britain, France, Israel Results: Egyptian political victory The war party strength: 229,000 people (coalition) 300,000 people (Aijun) Casualties: 226 people killed (coalition) About 3,000 people were killed (Aijun) The impact of war Suez crisis not only led to a government collapse, Britain and France in the world to accelerate the collapse of the empire. In addition, the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union to become a true force to dominate the Middle East and the world. Charles de Gaulle of France, the United States is not a reliable ally, only to win over other European countries can compete with the United States and the Soviet Union, manufacture third shares the balance of power. Besides the threat of Soviet nuclear attack but also to France determined, must develop its own nuclear weapons. Nasser of Egypt, although Egypt military strategy completely failed, but in politics, but to win, Egypt became a major force in the Arab world against Israel, and is a base for pan-Arab nationalism. [3] 1953 Iranian coup (Dudley Moore, also known in Iran March 28 coup) is defined by the British and American intelligence agencies in the August 19, 1953 instigated the overthrow of democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq coup • CIA Code for Ajax action. • coup Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi from a constitutional monarch • become dependent on U.S. support for the incumbent in power figures, until February 1979 was overthrown. 1951, the leadership of the Congress Members of Iran's nationalist Mossadeq nationalized the Iranian oil industry raised nearly unanimous motion was passed by Congress. Past Iranian oil has been run by British oil company British control of Iraq, the Iranian people against the British oil company's dissatisfaction with Iraq began in the late 1940s, the majority of the Iranian people and politicians believe that Britain is a large Iranian Oil Company relic of British imperialism, exploitation of Iran's interests. Even Mossadeq supported by common people, the United Kingdom or unwilling to compromise her most valuable assets overseas, and provoke a global cup 葛伊朗 oil, put pressure on the Iranian economy. Initially, the British attempted military occupation was the world's largest oil refinery in Abadan refinery, but British Prime Minister Attlee choose to intensify economic boycott, while the use of Iranian spies secretly subvert Mossadeq government. Although the former United States President Harry S. Truman opposed instigated coup in Iran, but with the British and American governments increasingly conservative, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Dwight • • Eisenhower decided to overthrow the Iranian government. Britain and foster Fazilula • Zhahe Di (Fazlollah Zahedi) is composed of the military government to replace Prime Minister Mossadeq. In planning the two intelligence agencies, Shah dismissed Mossadeq issued a decree appointing Fazilula • 扎赫迪 as prime minister. CIA succeeded in forcing vulnerable Shah involved in the coup, while buying bullies, clergy, politicians and Iranian officers launched on Mossadeq government propaganda war. In the August 15 to 16 at night, Neimatula • Nasiri (Nematollah Nassiri) Colonel attempt but failed to arrest Mossadegh was arrested, Shah fled the country the next day. August 19, the CIA came to buy a group of mob Mossadeq mansion. According to declassified CIA documents show that some of Tehran's most feared mob bribed to accept the CIA, riot in the August 19, others by buses and trucks to Tehran, the occupation of the various neighborhoods, conflict resulting in 800 deaths. Mossadeq was arrested, after a military court for treason trial verdict. December 21, 1953, was sentenced to three years in prison Mossadeq, and after being placed under house arrest until his death. Mossadeq's supporters were rounded up, imprisoned, tortured and killed. Pahlavi subsequent coup in 26 years as an authoritarian monarchy in the country until the 1979 revolution was overthrown civilian. Actual interest income American overthrow the elected government of Iran, including Iran's oil wealth, and resolutely put an end to the possibility of the Iranian government to invest in the Soviet Union, but the latter's motives caused the historian controversy. Washington continued to support the unpopular Shah, Shah helped train his Savak secret police organization. The coup was widely seen as anti-American sentiment in Iran caused the rising and the Middle East. Islamic revolution in 1979 occurred deposed pro-Western Shah dictatorship and establish hold anti-Western stance of the Islamic Republic of Iran. |
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