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英国论文指导 在金融危机开始之前，政客们花费了很多的精力为何为英国性而苦恼，并开始考虑如何通过比如设立一些公民身份庆典之类的活动而将此发展开来。这是一项只有在经济条件比较好的时候才会受到关注的话动，一旦预算赤字增长，政客就把注意力转到如何将国民从经济困境中拉出来，关于英国性的讨论就变少了。然而，由此带来的结果之一便是《英国生活》【注1】的出现，所有新移民都要接受的入籍考试就是以这本书为基础。该书第三版将于1月28日出版。 许多的国家也出版了类似的指南来介绍本国的相关背景。它们是具有同样的格式，简略的介绍了一下本国的历史，政府工作的内容，以及对知名作家、科学家、运动员的各种美誉，最后就是公民的各项权利义务的一览表。与其他国家略微不同，英国的这本指南开篇就提出了一个问题——“什么是英国？”。作为《经济学人》发源地的英国，有着各种各样的称呼，有鉴于此，这个问题的确没那么容易回答。相较于美国，英国指南的总体基调更接近于澳大利亚和加拿大。美国一般先感谢读者有兴趣入籍美国公民，书中的口吻和餐馆领班告诉你要预订得等到明年春天时（的口吻）一样。 BEFORE the financial crisis, politicians expended much energy agonising about what Britishness was, and wondering how to bolster it through things like citizenship ceremonies. This was a bull-market preoccupation: it shrank as the budget deficit grew, and politicians turned instead to pulling the British, whoever they are, out of their economic slump. One of its legacies, however, was “Life in the United Kingdom”, the textbook that is the basis for the test taken by all would-be citizens. The third edition came out on January 28th. Many governments publish similar backgrounders. They follow a formula: a little history, an introduction to how government works, an encomium to famous writers, scientists and sportsmen and a list of freedoms and duties. Britain’s differs slightly in that it begins by asking, “What is the UK?”—a fair question given the profusion of names for the rocks that The Economist calls home. The overall tone is closer to its Australian and Canadian equivalents than to America’s, which begins by thanking you for your interest in becoming a citizen, in the manner of a maître d’ at a restaurant where all the tables are reserved until next spring. Each section ends with a little checklist. Readers are invited to affirm, among other things, that they understand the history of pre-Roman Britain and the ideas of the Enlightenment. Some of the selections might seem odd to long-term residents. The five writers who merit special treatment are William Shakespeare, Robert Burns, Dylan Thomas, Rudyard Kipling and Roald Dahl. Skiing is described as an increasingly popular sport. Pleasingly, Sake Dean Mohamet (pictured), who opened Britain’s first curry house in 1810, is singled out for praise, along with a few prime ministers. All this explained, the book moves on to the values and responsibilities of Britons. The rule of law must be obeyed, freedom of expression and religion are cherished, equal treatment is given to people of every hue. Being British, it turns out, is a lot like being a citizen of any other wealthy democracy, with a few small adjustments. Australia’s textbook reminds its migrants of the importance of “a fair go”, the principle that hard work and talent should always count for more than wealth or connections. America’s asks people to memorise the deadline for the filing of income-tax returns. Britain emphasises the importance of being a good neighbour. What does this mean? “Try to keep your garden tidy, and only put your refuse bags and bins on the street or in communal areas if they are due to be collected.” Rule Britannia. Justice: there are three kinds of different legal systems: common law throughout England and wales, Scotland civil law legal system, legal system of Northern Ireland for similar to England.The judiciary civil court and criminal court two systems.In England and wales, civil institutions according to the level into the county court, the Supreme Court, the court of appeal in civil court, the house of lords.Criminal trial institutions according to the class is divided into district court, criminal court, the court of appeal are, the house of lords.Britain's house of lords, the highest judicial authority, it is people square case final authority.Royal prosecutor's office, established in 1986, affiliated to the national government agencies, is responsible for the acceptance of all the submitted by the England and wales police authorities of criminal lawsuit.The attorney general and the solicitor general is the British government's main legal adviser on behalf of the royal family and in some domestic and international cases. Economic: Britain is one of the world's economic power, its gross domestic product (GDP) in the front rank in western countries.British manufacturing in a drop in the proportion of the national economy;An increasing proportion of service industry and energy, the rapid development of business, finance and insurance industry.In 2002, the British economy in the world in the fourth, is the world's second largest overseas investor.The private enterprise is the main body of the UK economy, accounting for over 60% of the gross domestic product (GDP).Service industry is one of the measure of modern nations developed.The British service sector employed population accounts for 77.5% of the population, the employment value accounts for more than 63% of gross domestic product.English is one of the most abundant energy resources in the eu countries, is also the world's major oil and gas producing countries.The main energy are coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and water, etc.Iron ore reserves of 2.7 billion tons, the recoverable reserves of 4.6 billion tons of coal, oil reserves of 7 billion tons, the natural gas reserves of 12260-12260 cubic meters.Britain is the world's first meet its electricity, gas users of 26 million countries.2001 total generating capacity of 332 million KWH, including nuclear power supply 090 million KWH.The British coal industry fully privatised.Forest cover an area of 2.79 million hectares, accounting for the local area of about 11.5%, of which about 8.7% of England, Scotland, about 16.9%, about 14.1% of wales, and Northern Ireland is about 6.1%.Main industry: mining, metallurgy, machinery, electronics, automobile, food, beverage, tobacco, textile, paper making, printing, publishing, architecture, etc.In addition, the aviation, electronics, chemical industry, advanced offshore oil mining, information engineering, satellite communications, microelectronics and other emerging technology has great development in recent years.The emphasis on the research and development of new energy and renewable energy.English not not rich energy resources, industrial raw materials imported.The development of nuclear power have decades of history, at present there are 14 for power plant.Manufacturing accounts for about 17.5% of gross domestic product in 2001, staff more than 3.7 million, total employment 14. 5%.Main animal husbandry, fishery, gardening, fishing, animal husbandry, food industry.Services include financial insurance, retail, tourism and business services (provide legal and advisory services, etc.), is developing rapidly in recent years.Tourism is one of the most important sector of the economy.Annual output value more than 700 pounds, tourist income accounts for some 5% of the world tourism income.With predominantly scenery tourism countries, British museum of the royal family culture and culture is the biggest point of tourism.Major resorts have London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Greenwich, Stratford, Oxford, Cambridge and so on.Britain is the world's fourth largest trading nation, trade volume accounted for more than 5% of the total amount of world trade, goods and services exports accounted for about 25% of gross domestic product.The main export machinery, automobile, aviation equipment, electrical and electronic products, chemical products and oil, mainly imported raw materials and food.Britain was the world's sixth largest foreign investor and the sixth largest foreign aid.London is the world's largest international foreign exchange market and the international insurance center, it is also one of the world's largest financial and trade center. Military: the army time about in the middle of 17th century.The queen is the British nominally supreme commander.Top military decision-making body is "defence and foreign policy committee", the prime minister for chairman and members of the defense minister, foreign minister, interior minister, the chancellor of the exchequer, etc;Necessary defense chiefs of staff, and army chief of staff to attend the meeting.Defense to the defense actuators, is not only the government administrative department, is the highest military command.The UK is the founder members of NATO group and the main members, has an independent nuclear forces, the core of the national strategy is: to take an active part in world affairs, maintain the British international status;Rely on and with the help of NATO's collective defense forces to defend the safety of Europe and the UK, and enlarge the influence of English in Europe;To strengthen links with the commonwealth countries, to protect its extensive overseas interests.In May 1997 the Labour government came to power, adjust the defense policy;Continue to rely on the collective NATO defense force as the foundation of the British security,Actively promote the establishment of Europe quick reaction force;Maintain a strong conventional forces;Keep the deterrent force;Highlight quality and quick reaction force for army construction, focus on increasing the British processing all kinds of crisis, deal with emergency rapid response ability, strive to maintain the traditional sphere of influence in Europe and overseas strategic interests.Implement the all-volunteer force, of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 years, generally for the longest 22 years.The integrate regulars and reserve force of the armed forces system. In July 2004, the British government announced more than ten years one of the biggest military adjustment plan, for land, sea, air to adjust the structure of three services and arms and military equipment, to increase the flexibility of combat troops in the remote capabilities, so as to better adapt to the need of modern war and effectively cope with the global threats of the 21st century.According to the British defense ministry figures, British existing total force of about 205600 people, 109500 army, navy, 42400, 53700 air force.2004-2005 fiscal year's defense budget of about 29.7 billion pounds, 2007-2008 fiscal year is expected to grow to 33.4 billion pounds. Education: shall practise a system of 5-16 years compulsory education.The 1998/1999 fiscal year education funds accounted for 4.9% of gross domestic product (GDP).Public school students are exempt from tuition.Private school teachers and teaching facilities are better, but the charge is high, the students are rich young man.The famous institutions of higher learning at the university of Oxford, Cambridge university, London school of economics, university of Edinburgh. Press and publication: the British newspaper sales per head of population than any other developed countries.There were about 1350 kinds of newspapers, the national 7000 weekly and magazine: the daily express, the daily mail, the daily mirror, the daily star, the sun, the financial times, The Daily Telegraph and the guardian, the independent newspaper, The Times, the news of the world, the Sunday express, the Sunday mirror, the mail on Sunday, "the people", the Sunday telegraph, the observer and the Sunday times.News agency mainly has three: (1) : (Reuters) - was established in 1850, collective joint venture, one of the important news agency, has its headquarters in London.(2) the press association: founded in 1868, searchable by PA, PA, sports news, PA and PA data design four joint venture company, specifically for the UK and Canada provide pr and investment information of enterprises.(3) AFX news co., LTD. : joint venture by the AFP and the financial times, to provide information and to Europe's financial and business services, 12 countries in Europe, America and Japan set up branches and headquarters in London.The British broadcasting corporation (Radio network) (BBCNetwork Radio) was founded in 1922.The company has five domestic radio station, a foreign radio, broadcast to the world in 43 languages.The British broadcasting corporation (TV) (BBCTelevision) began broadcasting television in 1936, there are two units: BBC1 broadcast news, religion, sports, opera and children's entertainment, BBC2 mainly playing music, art, education, comedy, and some special programs.Another five fee for users to use digital channel.Bureau of Radio, the Radio Authority) is responsible for approval and management of all independent Radio services, supervision program and quality of advertising.The Independent Television Commission (Independent Television appointed responsible for the approval and regulate commercial Television services, has the ITV channel (3), channel 4 and channel 5.ITV program beginning in 1955, 24 hours round-the-clock service, facing the whole country, the 1/3 time news, other time playing sports, comedy, games and movies, etc.Mainly by advertising sponsorship.Beginning on channel 5 March 1997.With the rapid development of Internet, the major newspapers, television, all have online, including the BBC online is accessed the most sites. Diplomacy: the UK for a permanent seat on the UN security council, is one of the five nuclear powers in the world, is the European Union, NATO, the commonwealth and important members of 120 international organizations such as western union.Advocates strengthening the relationship with the United States, attaches great importance to developing relations with other powers, with the efforts to improve relations, Russia, India, Japan and other countries.To maintain contact with the tradition of hard, keep and enlarge the influence of the developing countries.Take an active part in global affairs, maintain a strong defense force, stress free trade.To strengthen the environmental protection, human rights, international cooperation on issues such as sustainable development.The issue of human rights at the core of its foreign policy. Relations with China: in January 1950, the British government announced to admit the People's Republic of China.On June 17, 1954 in YingDaCheng exchange commission agreement.On March 13, 1972, the two countries signed a joint communique upgraded to diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level.In September 1982, the British prime minister Margaret thatcher as the first serving British prime minister's visit to China.In December 1984, Margaret thatcher's visit to China again, the two countries signed the Sino-British joint declaration on the question of Hong Kong.In October 1986, queen Elizabeth ii on a state visit to China.This is the first time in the history of the British head of state to visit China.On July 1, 1997, in English and complete the handover of Hong Kong's return.In 1998, both the successful exchange of visits between the heads of government, and established a comprehensive partnership.In October, 1999, President jiang zemin's state visit to the UK, this is the Chinese President's first visit to the UK.In may, 2004, premier wen jiabao on an official visit to the UK, the two countries issued a joint statement.In September 2005, prime minister Tony Blair to visit China.In November 2005, Chinese President hu jintao on a state visit to Britain. Physical geography: 24.36 square kilometers (including inland waters), England 13. 4 square kilometers, the Scottish 7. 88 square kilometers, wales 2. 8 square kilometers, Northern Ireland 1. 36 square kilometers.Is located in the island of Western Europe.From the island of Great Britain (including England, Scotland, wales, Ireland and some islands in the northeast.Across the north sea, the strait of Dover and the English channel and just opposite side of the continent.Bordering on the lithosphere and the republic of Ireland.11450 miles of coastline.All is divided into four parts: England southeastern plains, the, Scotland, Northern Ireland, in the mountainous area in the Midwest plateau and mountain.Main rivers severn river (354 km) and the Thames river (346 km).Where lake in the Northern Ireland (396 - square - kilometer) area in the country.Is a maritime temperate broad-leaved forest climate, year-round mild moist.Usually no more than 32 ℃, the highest temperature is not lower than the lowest temperature - 10 ℃, the average temperature in January 4 ~ 7 ℃, July 13 ~ 17 ℃.More rain, autumn and winter.Average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm.North and west mountain area of over 2000 millimeters of annual rainfall, central and eastern is less than 800 mm.Every year in February and march the driest, most humid October to January next year. Jane: BC Iberian Mediterranean, beak, celtics, successively came to Britain.The 1-5 century southeast of the island of Great Britain for the Roman empire.Romans after withdrawal of northern European anglos Saxon people, jutes successively invasion and settlement.7th century began to form the feudal system, many small and into seven kingdoms, which rivals for 200 years, ever said "Anglo - Saxon times".In 829, the king of wessex love burt united of England.By the late 8th century Danish, between 1016 and 1042 as part of the Danish Viking empire.Short-term ruled by the king, following the Norman conquest of England from continent in 1066.In 1215 king John was forced to sign the magna carta, kingship suppressed.From 1338 to 1453, British and French for "war" in one hundred, the British - after the first."Armada" beat Spain in 1588, set up maritime hegemony.In 1640 the English in the world's first outbreak of the bourgeois revolution, become the pioneer of bourgeois revolution.Announced the formation of republic of China on May 19, 1649.The restoration in 1660, the "glorious revolution" in 1668, the monarchy is determined.In 1707 in England and Scotland, in 1707 and merged with Ireland.The 18th century to the 19th century, become the world's first complete the countries of the industrial revolution.In the 19th century was the heyday of the British empire, 1914, 111 times larger than the local possession of colonies, was the first colonial power, self-proclaimed "day not fall empire".After the first world war began to decline.British westmorland set up in 1920, Northern Ireland, and from 1921 to 1921, from its rule allowed in southern Ireland, formed an independent country.Westminster act in 1931, was forced to admit its dominion autonomy in internal affairs and diplomacy, of the British empire colonial system was shaken.Economic power in world war ii greatly weakened, political decline.As India and Pakistan in 1947 after independence, to 60 s, the British empire colonial system collapse.In January 1973 to join the European Union. 【注1】Since 2005, everyone who applies to become a British citizen has to show their knowledge of the English language and of life in the UK in one of two ways: by taking a special ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) course, or by taking the Life in the UK test. From April 2007, everyone who applies for permanent residence in the UK will also be required to take one of these two tests. The handbook contains chapters on: the making of the United Kingdom, summarising its history; a changing society, including issues of migration and the changing role of women; a profile of Britain today, including its nations and regions, religion, customs and traditions; how Britain is governed, including the British Constitution and its role in Europe and the world; everyday needs, covering topics of housing, health, education, money, leisure and travel; employment issues; knowing the law, including the civil and criminal legal system; sources of help and information, including public libraries and the police service; and building better communities, including participating in the local community and opportunities for volunteering. |
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