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随着如中国和印度这些国家如引擎般带动亚洲经济的高速发展，一个论点正在出现：作为全球市场重要性日益增长的亚洲司机(如中国，印度)，正是阻碍社会经济发展的外围经济体。然而,以中国和印度为代表的巨大的亚洲经济体的崛起，为外围国家，特别是非洲和拉丁美洲的民主和自由以及国家经济繁荣做出了重大的贡献。在这篇文章中,中国将作为一个模型来说明大发展中的经济体的崛起对相邻国家、非洲国家和拉美国家的社会和经济发展具有重要的意义。 本文分为四个部分。第一部分，简要介绍了中国经济的崛起；第二部分是用于说明中国经济发展对其邻国包括发达和不发达经济的巨大贡献，同时，中国的经济崛起在非洲和拉丁美洲国家的影响也将这部分所示；第三部分是用于评估各国之间南南合作项目——中国和非洲等不发达国家和拉美国家； The Effect of Chinas Rise on in the Periphery With the rapid development of Asian economy driven by the engines such as China and India, an argument is emerging that The growing importance of Asian Drivers (e.g. China, India) in the global market is impeding socioeconomic development of economies in the periphery . However, the rising of the huge Asian economies represented by China and India has contributed a lot to the economic prosperity and the democracy and freedom in the periphery countries, especially those of Africa and Latin America. In this paper, China will be taken as an model to illustrate the great significance of the great developing economies' rise to the social and economic development in the neighbour countries and the African countries and the Latin American countries. This paper falls into four parts. In the part I, the rise of the Chinese economy will be briefly introduced;The part II is intended for the illustration of the great contribution of Chinese economic development to its neighbour economies include the developed and the underdeveloped, the effect of China's economic rise on the the African and Latin American economies will also be illustrated in this part; The part III is used for the assessing the south- south cooperation programme between China and the underdeveloped countries such as African and Latin American countries;In the final part, a conclusion that China's economic rise will not impede the social and economic development in the periphery will be briefly made. China, which has been suffering from the burden imposed by the colonization of western powers and the emperialism for the last 200 years, has now been rising from the poverty and the political chaos caused by the cultural reformation. The intelligent and diligent Chinese people, not only open their gate but also their mind to embrace the advanced political institution and culture that could improve the productivity. For the past 30 years, China has made amazing achievement in the field of economy. For example, the GDP of China has been ranked 2 overtaking Japn in the year of 2009. As shown by the table 1, the China's share in world trade is rising rapidly, in 1981, China only accounted for less than 2% of the world trade, in 2001, this number has increased to 6%, and since China's incoporation into WTO, this percentage has been expanded incessantly. China has import huge amount of commodities to meet its great demand, as shown by the table 2. In 1987, less than 20 billion $ of commodities was imported, by the year of 2002, that number has come close to 42 billion dollars. Accompanied the rapid development in the economic field, Chinese economic intercourse has been strengthened with the neighbors in Asia even the countries of Afria and Latin America, promoting the economic prosperity of the related parts. The Effect of China's Economic Rise on Related Economies. The Effect of China's Economic Rise on Neighbour Traditional Developed Economies. In recent years, the trade ties between China and its neighbour countries has been greatly improved. As shown by figure 3, the Chinese commodities imported South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and United States has soared. In the year of 1995, only 10 billion $ of commodities were imported from South Korea, however, by the year of 2004, the commodities flowed to China had reached 50 billion $; the commodities imported from Japan was only about 29 billion $, and it had increased by more than 2 times by the year of 2004. Most of the commodities imported by China from its neighbour countries were the high technology products such as computer chips and soft were and what not.It is undoubted that a country will profit a lot from the exporting the high technology but low cost advanced products. China not only has imported many high technology products from its neighbour countries which has helped the blooming of the high technology industry in the native country, as the world factory China has exported the cheap products to meet the increasing demand of its neighbour developed countries. As shown by figure 4, the commodities exported from China to South Korea, Japan and Taiwan has experienced great increase from 1995 to 2004. In 1994, only 7 billion $ of commodities were exported to South Korea, by the year of 2004 that number has soared to 29 billion $; China exported 28 billion $ of Commodities to Japan, however, by the year of 2004, the Japan has imported 94 billion $ of commodities from China; The products exported from China main land to Taiwan has increased from 3billion $ to 17billion dollars. Though the commodities exported from China to its neighbour countries has soared, most of the exported products are low technology products such as raw materials, coal, cotton, rice ,wheat and cheap China-made ordinary products. Therefore, the neighbour countries such as Japan, South Korea and Japan has gotten more benefit from their trade with China. For instance, Japan, which is seriously lack of natural resources such as coal, and ore has imported huge amounts of this kind of raw materials at cheap price, and when the raw material were transferred into high end products such as sophisticated appliance, computer, camera branded Sony, Nikon and NCE, and then these products were exported to China at high price. Though the Chinese government has alway claimed that trade ties it has built with its neighbour developed countries was sort of win-win relationships, compared with its partners, it has profited less from this kind of trade relationships. The foreign countries has benefited a lot from the Chinese foreign investment policy. Since the China had adopted the reform and open up policy, it has always been taken an favourite policy to the foreign investment to learn from the foreign teachers in aspect of high technology and advanced management. Therefore, tremendous amount of foreign funds most of them were from Japan, South Korea and Taiwan has flooded to China to hunt profits or the opportunity to win great profits, consequently, foreign owned companies or the joint ventures has spreaded over the wide China mainland. The figure 5 has illustrated the great player the foreign investment has played in the Chinese trade with the oversea partners. In 1988, the exports and imports funded by foreign enterprise accounted for less 10%, however, by the year of 2003, the exports and imports initiated or supported by the foreign enterprise had increased to nearly 55%. The Effect of China's Economic Rise on Neighbour Developing Economies. China has taken actual measures to prove that China 's ecomomic rise will pose no threat but opportunity to the related parts.In the recent decades, the ASEAN has gradually felt the pressure brought by China's economic growth. And the China has taken an acitive effort to address the problem. China has made a series of proposals to help the ASEAN countries to relieve the concerns about the financial stability, trade and investment. And China's benevolent nature has been proved by its sacrifice in the economic field. Gradually, an win-win outcomes emerged and the ASENAcountries are more optimistic than ever before that a stronger China will not impede but to improve the economic growth and prosperity in Southeast Asia Countries. China has made great contribution to maintain the financial stability in this area.The financial crisis, that bothered Southeast Asia countries in 1997 proved that the ASEAN free trade area was not enough to protect its members from the financial fluctuations. China had proved that it could played a leading role in help the members to steer through the financial storm by providing short term assistance. In succession, China had taken a series of long term measures to stablize the financial steadiness of this area. Firstly, it had made unexpected bilaterial loans and economic aid through International Monetray Fuand to prevent the recurrence of this kind of financial crisis in the future; secondly, it denied the American proposal to devalue its currency of RMB.otherwise, the ASEAN will suffer more damage from the unprecedent economic crisis; thirdly, China proposed that a new discussion mechanism, the ASEAN Plus Three(APT), should be established to develop regional solutions to the future financial crisis, shielding the solely reliance on the US-led organizations. China's efforts to transfer the financial artitecture to maintain the financial stability in this area has shown that China's economic rise will not only to help ASEAN economies but also to protect them from future financial threats. China’s economic growth has led to tremendous increases in Sino-ASEAN bilateral trade, and an ever-expanding market for ASEAN’s products. As Table 1 illustrates,Although bilateral trade started from a very low level,7.28 billion in 1990, and even though China still only conducts a small percentage ofits overall trade with ASEAN, these increases in bilateral trade have helped deepen eco-nomic integration and show ASEAN that China’s economic growth can help drive ASEAN’s economic growth.#p#分页标题#e# To relieve the competition between China and ASEAN members, China has innitaited a series of measures. Firstly, it had given ASEAN special access to the China market to alleviated its worries over trade competition and the ASEAN also benefit from preferential import duties before other WTO members; secondly, China has agreed to reduce the import duties on more than 600 imported agricultural goods from the countries like Thailand; finally, China had made tremendous trade deficit with the ASEAN countries to help them walk through the financial crisis by encouraging them exporting goods to China market, as illustrated by table. In 1990, the net bilateral trade is 1.02 billion dollars, however, it had reached -23.1 billion dollars by the year of 2004. Therefore, the fact had been proved again that China's nature toward ASEAN members are benevolent and it sincerely wanted a win-win situation in this area. China has taken a series of measures to drive economic growth in the CLMV countries. Firstly, in order to allow the CLMV countries to take advantage of the Chinese domestic market, China had given them to comply with the ACFTA terms until 2015; from 1999 to 2002, China had invested about 50$ million dollars every year; secondly, to promote economic integration between the CLMV countries,Thailand, and China, China has attended the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program, which was initiated by the Asian Development Bank; thirdly, China has involved itself in the Cross-Border Transport Agreement to make the customs and immigration smoother; finally, China had given more than three billion dollars of economic assistance and credit concession to the ASEAN countries in the last five years, and it had promise more in the next several years to stabilize its southern peripheryand. With the help of China, the GDP of this region will increased from $212 billion in 1997 to $863 billion in 2010. The Effect of China's Economic Rise on African and Latin American Economies. The brotherhood relationship between China and Africa countries and Latin America countries has been brewed by the countries for more than two decades. And now the hard work has bloom into flower. China has always made efforts to help these underdeveloped brother countries. Africa and Latin America countries which are abound of mineral resource and agricultural resources, have supply China with huge amount of raw materials to fuel its rapid economic growth,as shown by figure 8. the imports of goods from Africa and Latin America by China has soared. In the year of 1994, the imports from Africa accounted for less than 1% of China's total imports, however, by the year of 2004, the number has increased to more than 3 percent; in 1994, the import of goods from Latin America to China only accounted for 2 percent of the total imports of that year, and by the year of 2004, it had reached nearly to 4 percent.This has proved the fact that China has incessantantly been importing from African and Latin American countries in the recent years. In return, the two regions has profit a lot from China's strong demand for raw materials, especially the ore , crude oil and agricultural products. Chinese trade with African countries has increased greatly since the 1990s in aspect of imports and exports. The total trade value had reached 42 billion dollars by the year of 2005, and China become the Africa's three most important trade partners. The goods exported by China to African countries mainly consisted of consumer goods such as household appliance, TVS, and textile clothings to improve the living standard of the local people, and by the year of 2005, the trade surplus with Africa turned into deficit. China's trading partners has continually been expanding,previously, China's main partners areAngola, South Africa, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, and the Republic of Congo, now number of African countries that has business connection with China has increased to 10 countries, as illustrated by figure 9. The main goods imported by China from Africa is crude oil, metals and cotton(which is mainly produced in Gulf of Guinea). At present, several important import partners are African countries as shown by figure 10 and Figure 12, Angola accounted for nearly 14 percent of China's total oil imports and South Africa accounted for 14 percent of China's total manganese. China's rapid demand for raw materials has been driving the rapid economic growth of African countries. Chinese trade with Latin American countries has increased greatly since the 1990s in aspect of imports and exports. Brazil and Argentina,which is the second and the third largest soy bean producers, account for 45 percent of the world soy bean exports. And since 1990s, driven by China's strong demand, the soy bean production of the two countries has experienced great increase. And China is the largest soy bean importer to the two countries by far. From 1999 to 2004, the soy bean import of China from the Brazil and Argentina had increased by more than nine times, as shown by Figure 12. At present, the soy bean imported from the two countries together accounted for more than 50 percent of China's total soy bean import, and Brazil and Argentina have become China's second and third largest soy bean supplier. Besides soy bean, Brazil is China's third largest iron ore supplier,as shown by figure 15. Brazil account for 23 percent of China's total iron ore imports. The Latin American countries are profiting from China's huge demand for raw material. Africa and Latin America are become the destinations for Chinese Oversea Direct Investment(ODI). The spotlight has preciously on the huge foreign investment inflow to China in the past decade, however, Chinese oversea investment is emerging in huge scale. It was estimated that the value of Chinese overseas direct investment had reached more than 44 billion dollars by the year of 2005. Though, most of the investment was put in Asia, increasing amount of fund had been investing in other parts of the world such as Africa and Latin America. Though, the Chinese overseas direct investment to African and Latin American countries only accounted for 2 percent and 1 percent, China had speeded its investment in the two regions recently., as illustrated by figure 12. In the net 2-5 years, the investment in Africa and Latin American would accounted for 26 percent of China's total investment. China's foreign aid to Latin American and African countries As the responsible nation, China has always been providing economic aid to Africa and Latin American countries to help the local people. From the year of 2003 to year of 2007, the economic aid to Latin America and Africa had increased tremendously as illustrated by the figure. In 2003, the aid to Latin America and Africa was nearly zero, however, by the year of 2006, the aid to Latin America was nearly 16 billion dollars, and by the year of 2007, the aid provided to Africa was nearly 18 billion dollars. The fact had been proved that the underdeveloped countries were enjoying the fruit of China's economic rise. The figure has shown the rising living standards in Latin America and Africa. The GDP per capita in Africa had increased from nearly 2000 dollars to more than 2500 dollars in 2007 and the GDP per capita in Latin America had risen from nearly 5,000 dollars to more than 8,000 dollars. Consequently, the African and Latin American countries were profiting from the exporting of their goods to China and the economic aid provide from China. The assessing of South- South Cooperation China, which has alway been seeking the peaceful development road,will play an important role in the South-South cooperation. The South-South cooperation will benefit China, Africa and Latin America in the following several aspects. Firstly, the resource demanded to fuel the economic growth are complementary. China, as an rapid emerging economy has a strong demand for raw material such as crude oil and ore to drive its economic growth and its light industry such as ordinary products manufacturing are relatively developed, it has also gathered great experience in the developing of economy. However, the Latin American and African countries, though they are abound of natural resources, are eager to feed and clothe the local people and they are seriously lack of fund and technology to initiate the mining of the natural resources. Therefore, the Latin American and African countries could provide China with natural resources, in return, the China will repay them with cheap China-made ordinary products, economic aid and Chinese Overseas Investment to improve the local economy and living standard. Secondly, China, which is a peace-seeking country, will adhere to the peaceful development strategy strictly that China will promote "democracy in international relations";, will interact with other developing countries on equal footings by way of dialogue . In other words, the business dealt between china and the developing countries is based on the brotherhood not the merciless business principle, therefore, the trust will be easy to built between underdeveloped countries which have been suffering from poverty and chaos and the China Which had been bothered by the poverty and oppression from the western powers. Consequently, it is likely that the cooperation between them will go smooth. Finally, China has settled a model that the country that has walked through political chaos freshly also could achieve great accomplishment in the economic field, that the political regime could be made flexible to promote the productivity. African and Latin American countries which has been suffering from the dictator and political chaos, is eagle to seek the most proper political regime to improve the productivity and the living standard. In addition, in the international stage, China stick to the equal and peaceful principle strictly, therefore, it will not interfere other developing countries internal affair. Thus, China and the developing countries such as African countries and Latin American countries will share the political reform experience to improve the productivity and walk through poverty.#p#分页标题#e# Conclusion From the above discussion, it could be reached the following conclusions:China's economic rise has contributed to its traditional and developed neighbour economies such as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan in aspects of international trade and the developed economies has also benefit from the favourite foreign investment policy adopted by Chinese government; To help its underdeveloped neighbour economies, China has also take a series of measures such as help the economies such as Thailand to walk through financial crisis, make efforts to maintain financial stability in this area, propose the establishment of the new dialogue mechanism to shield the solely reliance on America-led organizations and the aid provide to the developing countries; to the African and Latin American which are seriously underdeveloped, China has help the economies by way of enhancing international trade, providing economic aid and make investment, consequently, the local people's living standard is improved; China could play a constructive role in the South- South cooperation program for their complementary resource demanded, national develop strategy and the peaceful foreign policy China has alway been adopting, and the Latin American and Africa partners which has been suffering from political chaos and poverty will benefit from this program economically and socially. Therefore, it is unfounded to claim that the growing importance of Asian Drivers represented by China in the global market is impeding socioeconomic development of economies in the periphery. |
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