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目前像低能量的LED（发光二级管）和寿命比较长的可以充电的二次电池更加受到欢迎，又或者两个都不需要，我们摇晃一下手腕或者搓搓手就能提供足够能量，并且可以照亮稳定光源的能源。
这些趋----这些低消耗，可以更好，价格上也会更加便宜，这种新型的能源会更加充实电池市场。例如电视机遥控器，它原来是用电池来进行操作的，现在可以直接用手机里的某个应用型软件进行遥控电视。最近比较流行且精巧的小装置，它们可以穿戴在一些小的设备之中，在内部形成电池，一般是基于一个细长形的电池，而不是含有二氧化锰、碱和锌的管状（电池）。Sanford C. Bernstein，一家研发公司的Ali Dibadj说，“能源的内部空间会越来越小”。
竞争的空间会越来越激烈，很多消费者现在在打折的商店里买电池，而且对于比较贵的名牌产品，他们更加喜欢杂牌或者无标示的产品。
1、Now it is more likely to have a low-power LED (light-emitting diode) and a long-lasting rechargeable battery—or none at all: a flick of the wrist or a twist of a handle can provide enough juice for a bright steady light.
2 These trends—lower power consumption, better and cheaper rechargeables, new power sources—are squeezing what used to be a lucrative market. Remote controls for televisions, for example, used to be powered by batteries. Now they can be an app on a mobile phone. The latest gadgets, such as wearable devices, come with batteries built in—typically based on a thin sliver of lithium, not a tube packed with manganese dioxide, alkali and zinc. “There are fewer cavities,” says Ali Dibadj of Sanford C. Bernstein, a research firm.
3 Competition is intensifying, too. Many consumers now buy batteries at discount shops and favour own-label or no-label versions over the pricey branded products. In America the two leading makers, Energizer and Duracell (the latter owned by Procter & Gamble), have lost market share, according to Nick Cunningham of Freedonia, another research firm—though between them they still had 37% of the market in 2012. In Europe all the big manufacturers are thought to be using spare capacity to make batteries for retailers and other own-label competitors.
4 The big battery labels have limited options. “You have to innovate your way out of it or accept lower margins for higher share,” says Mr Dibadj. One response is to market harder, with better packaging or gimmicks such as bonus packs.
5 Rayovac, another big American brand, has launched a new range of battery packs to keep phones and other gadgets topped up between recharges. Duracell has launched a “super-premium” battery with price to match, called Quantum in America and Ultra in most other markets. It is trying to wean consumers off the cheapest zinc-carbon batteries and on to alkalines, which are more powerful, durable and leak-free. Older consumers who remember their devices being ruined by leaky batteries are open to pitches about safety. Younger ones tend to be sceptical. The fastest-growing part of the market is disposable lithium batteries. These are powerful, light and do not fail in the cold. Their price is dropping. But they remain a niche.
6 Another option is to cut costs. Western battery manufacturers have shifted production offshore. The main companies no longer make zinc-carbon batteries, the cheapest type, in the United States.
7 With returns squeezed at home, Western firms are finding little comfort elsewhere. China is already the largest battery market, and demand is projected to climb faster there than anywhere else in the coming years. Competing against unreliable, leaky zinc-carbon products from local makers in emerging markets used to be easy. Not any more. Locally made alkaline batteries are now cheap and ubiquitous. So persuading consumers to pay over the odds for foreign brands is a struggle.
8 In the poorest countries the market for disposable batteries is being undermined before it gets going, as cheap wind-up, solar-powered and rechargeable devices proliferate. Producing power has never been easier. Making money from selling it in small tubes is getting a lot harder.
International industrial transfer (International Industrial Transfer, IIT) is the process of global economic integration, the phenomenon of industrial activity, it refers to industrial activities across national borders, the formation of transnational industries optimize the allocation of factors of production, and its implementation is mainly the situation of foreign direct investment, namely FDI . In the long run, China's investment environment will remain generally stable, but the stage has been inevitable deterioration frequently. The first three quarters of 2012, China's actual use of foreign investment $ 83.42 billion, down 3.8%, to attract foreign investment increased pressure, but China is still the international industrial transfer and most importantly to undertake FDI, FDI inflow in 2011 was $ 124 billion, is the world's second largest FDI inflow country. Since the international financial crisis, global foreign direct investment there has been a substantial decline in global FDI in 2011 was $ 1.5 trillion, down 24% compared with the peak in 2007, in which the total foreign direct investment in developing economies than in developed economies absorbed, about 52% of global foreign direct investment.
China to undertake the expansion of industrial-scale international transfer of progress has slowed, but the pace has accelerated structural change in labor-intensive industries as the leading industrial transfer gradually developed into labor, capital and technology-intensive industries followed by progressive and coexistence industry transfer, and the transfer of industries highlights the characteristics of spatial diffusion transfer of focus from eastern coastal areas to move to the Midwest trend is obvious, in favor of the new era of industrial restructuring and regional balanced growth.
Battery Pinyin is Diànchí; battery (commonly known as fire battery) performance parameters main force, capacity, specific energy and resistance. Electromotive force equal to the unit when the positive charge from negative positive move by the internal battery, battery non-static electricity (chemical force) work done. The electromotive force depends on the chemical nature of the electrode material, regardless of the size of the battery. The limited energy stored in the battery, the total charge amount of the battery can be output to the capacity of the battery is usually in amps as the unit, it is also an important parameter in the cell. In the cell reaction, on the one kilogram reactive substances than the energy produced. However, the actual battery than the theoretical specific energy is smaller than the energy. Because batteries are not all reactants the reaction proceeds according to the battery, and the battery internal resistance will decrease due to the electromotive force, so often higher than the energy of the high energy battery cell will be referred. The contact area of the electrode and the electrolyte is larger, the internal resistance is smaller. Batteries made after the current can be generated; primary cells (also known as: a battery) in discharged after retirement, such as common batteries; battery (also known as: secondary battery) after discharge can be activated by the active substance charging way and continue to use, such as common lithium-ion batteries.
Use batteries as an energy source, you can get a stable voltage, current, prolonged stable power supply, very little outside influence current and cell structure is simple, easy to carry, charge and discharge operation is simple, free from outside weather and temperature influence, stable and reliable performance, in modern social life plays a large proportion of all aspects, such as: mobile phones, watches and other electronic digital portable devices!
Use in ancient times, humans may have been continuously in research and testing, "electricity" such things. A history of several thousand years is considered a clay bottle in 1932 in Iraq, was found near Baghdad. It has a copper cylinder inserted inside the iron bars - may be used to store static electricity use, but the bottle secrets may never be revealed. Regardless of manufacturing the clay bottle ancestors know something about static electricity, but it is certain that the ancient Greeks definitely know. They know that if the friction piece of amber, could attract light objects. In four or five years of the eighteenth century, and atmospheric research to improve the power generation unit of electrical phenomena, physicists have attracted widespread interest。
In the electrochemical cell, the chemical energy directly into electrical energy within the battery is by spontaneous oxidation, reduction and the like of the result of a chemical reaction, this reaction were carried out on the two electrodes. The negative electrode active material by the more negative potential and to stabilize the composition of the reducing agent in the electrolyte, such as zinc, cadmium, lead and active metal and hydrogen or hydrocarbons. The positive electrode active material from the more positive potential and stable in the electrolyte composition of the oxidizing agent such as manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, nickel oxide and other metal oxides, oxygen or air, halogen and salts thereof, oxygen-containing acids and salts thereof . The electrolyte is a material having good ion conductivity, such as acid, alkali, salt solution, an aqueous solution of an organic or inorganic, non-molten salt or solid electrolyte. When the external circuit is disconnected, while the potential difference between the two electrodes (open circuit voltage), but there is no current, the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, the potential difference between both electrodes in the role of a current that is flowing through the external circuit. Meanwhile, inside the battery, since the electrolyte in the free electron to pass, must be accompanied by the absence of charge polarization oxide active material and electrolyte interface, or a reduction reaction, and the mass transfer of the reactants and reaction products. Charge transfer in the electrolyte should be accomplished by the migration of ions. Therefore, the battery inside the normal charge transfer and mass transfer process is to ensure the necessary conditions for normal output power. When charging, the direction of the internal battery power and mass transfer processes and discharge exactly the opposite; electrode reaction must be reversible, in the opposite direction in order to ensure the quality and mass transfer normal electrical processes. Thus, a necessary condition for the reversible electrode reaction of the battery constituted. G is the Gibbs free energy increment (coke); F is the Faraday constant = 96500 = 26.8 Ann library hours; n is the number of equivalents cell reaction. This is the basic thermodynamic relation between battery EMF and cell reaction, is calculated battery energy conversion efficiency thermodynamic equations. In fact, when current flows through the electrodes, the electrode potential of the electrode to be deviated from the thermodynamic equilibrium potential, this phenomenon is called polarization. Current density (current per unit area of the electrode by a) the greater polarization of the more serious. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss.
Commonly used as a carbon - zinc batteries. Zinc anode is made of a cylinder, there ammonium chloride as the electrolyte, a small amount of zinc chloride, inert fillers and water into a paste electrolyte, cathode is wrapped around with manganese dioxide doped with a carbon paste electrolyte stick. The electrode reaction is: Zn atoms become negative at a zinc ion (Zn ++), the release of electrons, the cathode of the ammonium ion (NH4 +) with ammonia to give electrons and become hydrogen. Get rid of hydrogen with manganese dioxide to eliminate polarization. Electromotive force of about 1.5 volts. The most commonly used lead-acid batteries, the plate is made of lead alloy grid, the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Bipolar plates are covered with lead sulfate. However, after charging, the positive plates at the lead dioxide into lead sulfate, lead sulfate into a negative place metal lead. When discharging the chemical reaction in the reverse direction occurs. '
The lead-acid battery electromotive force of about 2 volts, the battery pack used in series consisting of 6 volts or 12 volts. When the battery is discharged sulfuric acid concentration decreases, electrolyte specific gravity measurement method can be used to determine whether the battery needs to be recharged or if the charging process can be completed. The advantage of the lead storage battery is discharging force more stable, the disadvantage is the specific energy (energy per unit weight of the power storage) is small, the strong corrosive environment. The group comprising a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate group, and the container of electrolyte and other components. After charging of the positive electrode plate of lead dioxide tan (PbO2), the negative electrode plate is a velvet-like gray, lead (Pb), when the (H2SO4) aqueous solution, the concentration of the bipolar plate in the 27% to 37% sulfuric acid, a very and the occurrence of lead sulfate plate chemistry, bivalent positive ions of lead (Pb2 +) is transferred to the electrolyte, on the negative plate to leave two electrons (2e-). Since the positive and negative charge gravity, positive ions gather around the lead negative electrode plate, and the positive electrode plate in an electrolyte under a small amount of water molecules in the lead dioxide (PbO2) into the electrolyte, wherein oxygen ions and hydrated divalent that can lead dioxide molecules dissociate into a .
Kind of unstable substances - lead hydroxide [Pb (OH4]). Lead hydroxide Pb by tetravalent cations (Pb4 +) and hydroxide 4 [4 (OH) -] components. Positive tetravalent lead ions (Pb4 +) leave the positive electrode plate, the positive electrode plate positively. Since the negative electrode plate with a negative charge is generated between the electrode plates so that a certain potential difference, which is the electromotive force of the battery. When connected to external circuitry, i.e., a negative current flows from the positive electrode. During the discharge, the negative electrode plate of the electron continuously flows through the external circuit to the positive electrode plate, when the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte inside the ionization of hydrogen molecules due to positive ions (H +) and sulfate ions (SO42-), the electrostatic force in the ion Both positive and negative ions are moved to a sulfate anion in conjunction with the lead to the negative plate to the positive lead sulfate ions (PbSO4). In the positive electrode plate, since the electron from the external circuit to the inflow, with the tetravalent Pb positive ions (Pb4 +) Synthesis of 2 price of lead ions (Pb2 +), and immediately combine with the sulfate anion of the positive electrode plate near a lead sulfate attachment on the positive electrode. With the discharge of a battery, the positive and negative plates are subject to curing, and sulfuric acid electrolyte decreases, and the water increased, leading to decrease in the proportion of the electrolyte in actual use, can be measured to determine the specific gravity of the electrolyte of the battery discharge level. Under normal use, lead-acid batteries should not be discharged over, or will, and the active substance mixed with tiny lead sulfate crystals form a larger body, which not only increases the resistance of the plate, and when charging hard to make it again restore a direct impact on the reservoir's capacity and life. Lead-acid battery charging is the reverse process of discharge.
Lead battery voltage stable, using a wide range of temperatures, and the use of current that can charge and discharge cycles hundreds of good storage performance (especially suitable for dry charged storage), low cost, and therefore widely used. Using new lead alloy and carbon nano-sol electrolyte, can improve the performance of lead-acid batteries. Such as the use of lead-calcium alloy grid for, to ensure a minimum float current lead-acid batteries, reducing the amount of water added and prolong its service life; using lead-lithium alloy cast positive grid, you can reduce the self-discharge and to meet the needs of the seal. In addition, open type lead-acid batteries to be gradually replaced sealed, and the development of anti-acid, explosion-proof and anti-hydrogen type lead-acid batteries.
Potential contamination of used batteries has caused widespread concern in the community. China is the world's number one dry battery producing and consuming countries, our data show that in 2012 China had more than 1,400 battery manufacturers, battery production in 1980 has surpassed the United States ranked first in the world. 1998 production in China reached 14 billion batteries, and batteries of the same year, the world's total output of about 30 billion.
Such a large quantity of batteries, making an enormous problem exposed, and that is how so many people living cells do not destroy the environment pollution. According to the survey, a large number of heavy metals and waste acid, waste alkali and other electrolyte solution containing the used batteries. If thrown away, corruption battery will destroy people's water, crops and land erosion of human survival, people's living environment facing a huge threat. If the one on the 1st battery rot in the ground, it's toxic substances can make one square meter of land lose value; throw a coin cell battery into the water, it contains toxic substances which cause pollution 600,000 liters of water bodies , the equivalent of a person's life water; waste batteries contain heavy metals cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, etc., including cadmium, lead, mercury is harmful to human substances. While nickel, zinc and other metals, although in a certain concentration range is beneficial substances, but more than the limit in the environment, but also will cause harm to humans. Heavy metals used batteries will affect seed germination and growth. Used batteries leaking heavy metals can cause pollution of rivers, lakes, sea and other bodies of water, endangering the survival of aquatic organisms and the use of water resources, an indirect threat to human health. Waste acid, waste alkali and other electrolyte solution may be contaminated land, acidification and salinization of land, which like all child in people around a time bomb. Therefore, the collection and disposal of used batteries is very important, if disposed of improperly, may cause serious harm to the ecological environment and human health. Not discard used batteries not only pollute the environment, but also a waste of resources. It was calculated that in the national annual production of 10 billion cell calculation, the annual consumption of 156,000 tons of zinc, 226,000 tons of manganese dioxide, 2080 tons of copper, 27,000 tons of zinc chloride, 79,000 tons of ammonium chloride, 4.3 ten thousand tons carbon rod. Despite the advanced technology has given them the right point, but China's battery pollution phenomenon is still not optimistic. 2012 Most of China's garbage is mixed with used batteries buried together, over time, through the conversion of the battery rot, leaching of heavy metals, both could contaminate groundwater, and may contaminate the soil and eventually into the human food chain through various channels. Biological uptake of heavy metals from the environment through biological food chain amplification, step by step in the higher organisms enriched thousands of times, and then enter the human body through the food chain, accumulate in certain organs cause chronic poisoning, Japan Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.
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