|
欧洲经济面临的挑战—European Economic Challenge 土耳其加入欧盟-在经济和安全挑战下所面临的风险和机遇 欧洲联盟(欧盟)是一个政治和经济共同体，最先的名字是欧洲经济共同体(EEC)，于1957年由六个欧洲国家达成《罗马条约》组织而成的。由于欧洲经济共同体现已改名为欧盟或欧洲联盟,扩大新成员国加入规模，为此也新添了一些相互制约条件。(Wiki project, 2007）因此，成为欧盟的成员国和候选国的数量也在呈上升趋势。欧盟政府的责任巨大，要监控、管理和决策来自世界各国的成员国。目前，申请加入欧盟这一过程中，遭受最多困难的是土耳其；尽管许多欧洲人坚决反对土耳其加入。土耳其成为欧盟成员国对双方都有好处，原因是因为土耳其的经济迅速增长。土耳其加入欧盟，成立了新的经贸策略；在文化上，减少了种族歧视和道德分歧的现象产生。 欧洲经济面临的挑战—European Economic Challenge Turkey’s Accession to the European Union- Risks and Opportunities under the Light of Economic and Security Challenge The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community which originates as the European Economic Community (EEC) organized in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome between six European nations. And since EEC was already called as EU or the European Union, it has grown in the size by the accession of new member states and has altered its power in the addition of new policy areas to its remand. (Wiki project, 2007). Therefore, more and more countries are becoming EU member state or candidates. It is a big responsibility for EU government to monitor, control and make decision for such large piece of the world. Currently, the most problematic applying to join EU is turkey. Although many Europeans firmly protest against joining Turkey, doing so would bring many advantages to both EU and Turkey since Turkish economics is very quickly growing. Turkey in EU would create new economic and trade strategies and mutually improve prejudice and moral deficiencies in all cultures. Economy in Turkey was transforming over twenty years. While they were active in macroeconomics and oriented to the international business, Turkey has developed the most economic sectors. In spite Turkey has encountered some obstacles; its economy has become flexible to variation in the world. Europe should look up to Turkey for its power to renew its economics. They experienced two significant crises since the World War II. In November 2000 and February 2001 when debt to GNP ratio almost doubled within the year, economic activity decreased and unemployment increased (Schmidt, 2002). However during the last years, Turkey was able to make a huge step in economic growth. They focused mainly on the financial markets and banking sectors. They put their effort in supporting a sustainable development of macro-economic balances, stabilizing the money and foreign exchange markets, and f restructuring the banking sector. Reforming process included privatization, social security and agriculture. Telecommunication sectors and energy, and many parts public sector that include public financial management, from 1993 to 2002 economic growth culminated about 2.8% on average. In 2003 economic growth reached to 5.9% and in 2004 it raise to 9.9% (Crofts 1999). This growth level was the peak of the growing, but Turkey still monitors economic growth about 5-6 % on average (Butler & Taylor, 2007). Considering that many other much smaller countries have had long-term difficulties to cope up with inflation and economic stabilization. Turkey showed their excellent capability in economic policy to survive in the competitive world which is one of the basic requirements for becoming a credible member of the European Union. Turkey is placed in very good strategic location between Europe and Asia. This land is one of the most important key points that requires infrastructure to develop transportation and communication. This area will also be attractive to energy suppliers. This could develop business connecting Europe and Turkey, Turkey with Central Asia, and Black Sea Economic Cooperation countries. Thus, Turkey could become the crucial bridge between Europe and the biggest continental all over the world (Bilefsky & Hugh, 2004). Moreover, structural changes in income are that Turkey has passed will be suitable for foreign investment. Therefore, if the international trade within the EU penetrates Turkey even more in future, it will cause a positive effect on economics between EU and Turkey. That would certainly work because Turkey experienced its most significant growth in foreign trade just after neglecting its import substitution policies. It is worth to point out the fact that Turkish GNP increase by more than 50% after they opened new markets within the wide range that covers countries from the far Asia to Latin America. Turkish external trade volume has increased by more than 160 billion dollars in 2004 (Gauthier-Villars & Champion, 2004). The overall GNP was 301 billion dollars in the same year. Another interesting point is the fact that Turkey earned about 2.9 billion dollars in 1980 and 63 billion dollars in 2004. Turkey has also decided to take advantage of their location to make business with energy. Besides having strategic place they possess natural resources of oil and gas. They plan to start with a great water project consisted of 22 dams, many irrigation networks, and 19 hydroelectric power plants situated inside and outside the country (Khan, 2007). It is considered as one of the 9 biggest projects in the world. It is called the Southeastern Anatolian Project. It will control 28% water potential in Turkey and irrigate 17,000 square kilometers of ground which will create 50% of more arable land. 22 water power plants in the projects will suppose to produce 27 billion kw/h of electric power (Khan, 2007)). Those power plants could use their quantity of electric energy to supply plenty of new big factories. Irrigation networks could help to produce more agriculture products and create many new work opportunities in EU. On the other hand, Muslims were often accused of breaching human rights of freedom of speech. In some cases they can embody real threat. They use to diffuse fear among common people. Huge amount of Muslims behave really dogmatic and fanatical in their belief. Certain Muslim obsession intrudes people’s freedom. People might have fear to freely express their opinion or openly say what they do not like about Muslims. It is unforgivable when someone in his or her faith kills human beings. For example, in November 2004, Dutch filmmaker Theo Van Gogh was murdered in Amsterdam because of his movie about violence against women in Islamic society (Barroso, 2004). The film based on reality, portrayed dark aspects of Muslim manners in their community. The script of this movie name Submission was written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Theo Van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi was 34 year-old woman who abandoned her Islamic faith. She did not offense Islamic people, but to get others to pay attention to what Islamic women have to face. She wanted to disclose this violence because as she stated, many Dutch are concerned about saying it loudly. Those Dutch do not want to cause religious tension or to be considered racist. Slaughtering Theo Van Gogh in short time after time after publishing the movie Muslims just confirmed their violent nature in real life. They cause only hatred in such a way that will create just difficulties in Turkish effort to join the EU. Nevertheless, it does not mean that EU should isolate this culture from the other culture. Just in the opposite way, UE should open their eyes and integrate this culture in its society in order to improve morality and ethics. It is clear that it will not be easy; Therefore, Turkey has still to wait for the EU accession. No doubt any woman or man does not like the codex that allows the treating them like animals. Yet even animal rights ban such a manners. It is more probable that if Muslim people were practically integrated in the society that values different ethics, Muslims would be sooner or later positively affected in the same way. In Netherland, the movie Submission launched a debate Muslim question related to adaption and modernizing Islam in the EU. Among 16 million people in Netherland there live 1 million Muslim in there (Flam, 2003). There are still more and more Islamic women are less afraid to speak out about violence against them. 土耳其加入欧盟—The Accession of Turkey The possible accession of Turkey to the European Union is at the centre of the controversy surrounding the EU’s enlargement. Given the disparate histories of the EU member state, Turkey’s own complex battle-scarred history, and nationalistic considerations, the question of whether Turkey will ultimately be accepted as an EU member with full rights and privileges, is one to which there are few clear-cut answers. The debate surrounding this issue continues to gain momentum both in Turkey and in the European Union, France, with President Nicholas Sarkozy in the forefront, has taken a lead in opposing Turkey’s prospective membership in the EU. The referendum on the EU constitution brought to the fore the French’s public reservations (Gauthier-Villars & Champion, 2007). Mr. Sarkozy stated I have not changed my mind: Turkey has no place in Europe, if I pose the question of Turkey, there will be no simplified treaty. Sakorzky’s comments are reflective of concerns not only about whether the Turkey meets the EU’s political criteria for accession, but also concerns that the Turkish accession will not be able to manage in a way a similar to other enlargements. Critics of Turkish accession also contend that Turkey is too big, too poor, with too dangerous borders and insufficiently European to join the Union (Hughes, 2004). An analysis of the historical context, along with the arguments for and against Turkish membership in the EU, is essential to identifying the possible political and economic implication of Turkish accession to the EU for the Union itself.#p#分页标题#e# 历史上土耳其加入欧盟的申请—History of Turkey’s Bid for EU Membership Since Turkey was founded in 1923, it has been known as a secular democracy, with a predominantly Muslim population and strong ties with the West. Only 2% of the Turkey’s territory lies within the European Continent, according to Professor Sophie Meritet, in her lecture on the EU’s structure. Journalists Susan Sachs writes, Turkey has been an associate member of the European Union for more than 40 years and a full NATO member for even longer (Sachs, 2004). But its path to the European Union has been blocked by these longstanding conflicts with neighboring Greece, its occasional military coups, human rights shortcomings and recurring financial crises (Rifkin, 2004). Without a doubt, Turkey has encountered several obstacles in its bid for full EU membership. The website the Euracativ.com provides a chronology of some events involved in Turkey’s bid for accession to the EU. This history is crucial to understanding the issue currently at play (Scheltema & Winsemius, 2004). The first significant step came in February 1952, with Turkey’s full membership in NATO. In 1959, Ankara utilized for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1963, signed the Ankara agreement, which integrated Turkey with the European Customs Union and acknowledged Turkey’s ultimate goal of full EEC membership. The first financial protocol was also signed in 1963, followed by the signing of the Additional Protocol and the second financial protocol in Brussels in 1970. In January of 1973, the Additional Protocol became effective, setting out how the Customs Union would be established. A turning point was reached in September 1986, when the Turkey-EEC Association Council meeting resumed the association process and, in April 1987, Turkey applied for the EEC full membership. With the 2002 election of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a pro European party with Islamists roots, a number of reforms led to increase political and economic stability. Despite an attempt by the Austrian government to offer Turkey less than full membership, EU accession negotiations were officially launched, and Turkey has stopped its first chapter in arbitrations in June 2006 (Khan, 2007). In spite of this, Turkey encountered numerous roadblocks specifically; these included strained relations with the Kurds in Northern Iraq and separatist PKK guerrillas who resumed fighting following ceasefire (Bilefsky & Hugh, 2004). Another major challenge that Turkey faced was Cyprus. A UN plan to get back together the disputed island fell separately in 2004 when the Greek Cypriots, who had been assuring a membership of the EU in any event, overwhelmingly discarded in a referendum. When Turkey refuses to open its port and airports to the Greek Cypriots, The EU was undecided on the negotiations on the eight of the 35 chapters in the membership talks (Sakorzy, 2007). The impact of Turkey’s 2007 parliamentary elections on further EU-Turkey negotiations remains to be seen. Solan writes, Mr. Rehn insists that this is not a train-wreck, nothing that good technical progress is being made and a new chapter will be opened shortly…He suggest that the right course is to muddle through the rest of the 2007. Once that the Turks will have a choice: to recommence their reforms, putting their talks back on tracks towards membership later in the decade, or to turn away from the roads towards Europe altogether. The most primitive date that Turkey could enter EU is 2013, the date when the next six-year EU budget will come into force (Legros, 2007). Brussels, however, refused to back 2013 as a deadline. European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, in a BBC interview later last year, indicated that Turkey is a long-term issue, and believes that it will take 15 to 20 years for Turkey to gain membership in the Union (Barroso, 2006). Given that the entire 27-member EU block must volunteer unanimously on whether to accept Turkey as a member, there is no immediate resolution in sight. The sections examine both the pro-accession and the anti-accession arguments surrounding this heated topic. 其他成员国反对土耳其的加入—Arguments for Turkey joining the EU Economic: Done right, EU membership could ensure that the Turkish economy remains the fastest-growing in Europe. Moreover, a vibrant Turkey could provide Europe with the added workforce, aggressive entrepreneurs, and new markets it needs to revive its flagging competitiveness. Turkey’s economy is modernizing rapidly, with a narrowed trade deficit and increased foreign investments. In 2004 and 2005, growth was about 7% (Sakorzy, 2007) far above average growth in the EU. In 2006, they topped $86bn, with a shift away from the traditional textiles underway (Sakorzy, 2007) Turkey has even narrowed its trade deficit with Europe, with exports to Europe covering four-fifths of imports compared with two-thirds five years ago (Meritet). At the same time, the country has reined in its high inflation rate, which hit triple figures in the late 1990’s but is now down around 10% for the first time in 35 years, the Turkish economy achieved single digit inflation in February of last year (Meritet, 2007). Further, increasing numbers of multinationals are entering Turkey. Ford Motor Co. has shifted production for Europe to Turkey, while Toyota Motor Corp. and Honda Motor Co. are fast expanding Turkish car plants. Daimler Chrysler AG now makes half of all its Mercedes buses for the European market in Turkey (Pope, 2004). Taken together, these economic Factors strengthen the case for Turkey’s membership in the EU. Energy Resources: Within the last decade, Turkey has become a hub for energy resources. At a recent European energy conference, Turkey was described as an important partner for the formation of the European energy policy, and has a major role in diversifying energy supply routes (Butler and Taylor, 2007). Currently, Turkey is hesitant to sign on to the European Energy Community Treaty, in part because it fears that the EU would not have an interest in admitting Turkey as a full member once it gains free access to Turkey’s energy sector through this treaty. EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn said, Turkey can assist the EU secure its energy supply, while in addition into the EU’s internal energy market and the infrastructure required for its rapid economic growth (Butler and Taylor, 2007). Although Turkey could potentially play an important role through such a treaty, this is not enough. If the EU chooses to take the steps necessary to show that it is eager to admit Turkey as a full member, both parties stand to benefit Turkey from the promise of full EU membership, and the EU from a greater opening of Turkey’s strategic energy sector. Demographics: The EU’s population is graying, with an increased number of aging baby boomers and retirees. Turkey’s young (23% of population is under 15)residents, accession might act as a balance at a time when Europe is starting to feel the effects of its period of demographic outline, according to Professor Legros in her lecture on European demographic trends. Turkey’s current population is 71 million, and demographers project it to increase to 80-85 million in the net 20 years (Legros, 2007). This measures up with the largest present EU member state Germany, which has 83 million people today, but whose residents is projected to reduce to around 80 million by 2020 (Hughes, 2004). Political Reforms: Given that political improvement in Turkey is an ongoing process, the opportunity of EU negotiations is seen by many in Turkey to be fundamental in ensuring continued reforms, particularly in the judicial and human rights areas (Meritet, 2007). Turkey’s negative response by the EU could cause by a domestic backlash against the West and encourage ultranationalists and religious extremists bent on derailing Turkey’s liberalization, democratization, and demilitarization. Clearly, the promise of EU membership is considered by accession advocates to be a key incentive for deepening democracy in Turkey, as it has been in other applicant countries. Economic: The anti-accession side of the argument also makes an economic case; specifically, that Turkey is not sufficiently advanced, with its high debt, big income gaps, slow moving bureaucracy and intrusive military (Stokes, 2007). The Turkish economy, while blooming compared with past years of high inflation and instability, has a long way to go before reaching the bloc’s minimum standard. Additionally, the issue of job losses to Turkey is also a important concern among EU member states. In recent poll, EU respondents worry about estimates that Turkish migration into the European Union could more than quadruple from its current level of 50,000 a year, and fear that this competition for jobs will undercut wages (Stokes, 2007). Human Rights record and National Reforms: The EU member states apprehension over Turkey’s human right records as well as global and regional security-related issues have also been key factors behind Turkey’s prolonged application process (Phillips, 2007). Although Turkey has commenced significant reforms since 2002, problems in implementing these reforms remain. In addition, the general election scheduled for November in Turkey leads many to believe that the current single party government will be replaced by a coalition (Stokes, 2007). For this reasons, many EU member states and anti-accession parties believe that changes will occur at a slower rate, and that Turkey will not have enacted sufficient reforms to become a viable EU member within the timeframe that it seeks. Turkish accession will have considerable impact on the Union because of its size. It will be the same size as Germany on accession by 2025 will be the largest member state (Meritet, 2007). However, Turkey is, and will remain for many decades, a small player in the economic terms (Hughes, 2004). And this will limit its political influence in the areas of economic policy.#p#分页标题#e# With respect to foreign policy, Turkey will have a special important impact given to its borders with the Middle East, Caucasus and the Black Sea. This will reallocate the Union’s borders to the South-East and increase the Union’s range of interests in these complicated regions (Hughes, 2004). Turkey will look to be important player in the growth of EU foreign policy. While Turkey will have a strong impact on the political dynamics among the EU’s member states, it alone will not be the deciding Factor in Europe’s future political directions. 欧盟的反对者和赞成者—Pros and Cons of European Union The European Union is a group of countries whose government joint together. They usually do this through taxes. The EU uses to money to change the way do people live and make business in Europe. Other countries unite because they think that they will profit from the change the EU makes. The question would be simple to answer but an individual must look much deeper into the situation. For example, what are the pros and cons of joining union? The European Union has many pros but also has cons. 赞成者—PROS With the growth of the European Union, the countries are able to have the benefit of the philosophy of European integration, such as free rivalry or free movement of goods and capital, which will support the movement to a free market economy in East-central Europe. The rule of the free development is saying that you can work and study everywhere in the Union if you are a citizen of the Union (Parker, 2007). By using part of their education or preparing in another European Union country, the citizens can get an imminent into other work environments and increase skill that are very useful in later life. By having a closer joint exertion and sharing the experiences with other European countries will bring independent traditions and modern way of living to the society of new member states. Also, with it being single market, there are no barriers between the other countries. With the removal of custom barriers it will enable producers to cut production costs, which will result export increases, In addition to this the integration into the European Union, will encourage the foreign investment. With encouraging foreign investment it will create new jobs and will bring new technologies and experience into East central European industry and trade. 反对者—CONS Many people think the membership of the European Union is a guarantee of democracy, political stability and economic progress. Well, I have news for everybody that membership in European Union does not guarantee success. Here is an example on how it did not guarantee that success that they were talking about. The progress of Ireland was mostly determined by the political efforts of its national government. It is important to stress that this time the extent of EU rise outweighs previous stages and the level of European integration is higher. One of the biggest problems of the European Union is the single market rate. Controlling the interest rate is very influential weapon to try to stabilize with the many different economic cycles with only just one interest rate. Also, membership in the European Union will become a challenge fort the national identity of its new member states, because the free movement of people can eventually result in cultural mixture (Rifkin, 2004). This then will result in the social and economic gap between East central and Western European states that will encourage the new member states to try to find jobs in richer parts of the continent. The European Union has many pros and cons. The only reason the countries are entering the European Union or any other union is they feel it makes their country stronger and better economically. Yes, when you enter into a Union you are gaining some things but what some countries do not see is that you are giving up just as many or more things. 土耳其应该加入欧盟吗？—Should Turkey be admitted into the European Union? Since the creation of the European Union, there have been many debates on which country is a proper candidate for entry in the Union. Beginning in the early 1980’s, the European Union has undergone a number of changes to the construct of the Union. The number of applicants to join into the union has increased dramatically. The standing of Turkey’s permission to the European Union has become a matter of major importance and considerable controversy in recent years (Lejeune & Van Denberghe, 2004). Turkey pertains for associate relationship of the EU in 1959. The request resulted in an Association Agreement in 1963 whereby Turkey and the EU would conditionally and slowly create a customs union by 1995 at the latest. The civilization union was considered as a step towards full membership at an indefinite future date. The EU granted Turkey financial assistance and protective tariffs in the first stage, but the second stage of gradual, mutual bargain in tariffs and non-tariff hindrance was delayed due to economic and political conditions in Turkey in the 1970’s and the early 1980’s (World Bank & European Commission, 1998). However, in the 1990’s Turkey made progress by helping the allies in the Middle East; Turkey was officially recognized as a full time candidate in 1999 at the Helsinki summit and will be a decade until an answer about Turkey’s admission is finalized. As of 2002 a more positive outlook for Turkey is clears (Nachmani, 2003). There are many reasons why Turkey would want to join the EU. The economies of both Turkey and the European nation’s part of the Union would have a boost in their economies, and it would help to industrialize Turkey; who is underdeveloped compared to other western countries. Another positive for both sides is that it opens the doors to a huge populated country open for development. If Turkey joined the union is that it would open the doors between the western world and the Islamic world. This would complete as a symbol of the positive effect of changing a originally authoritarian system into a democracy. Turkey joining the union would serve as a positive example for other Middle Eastern countries. There are many positives for Turkey joining the European Union; Turkey would certainly benefit the most from changes. An important aspect of Turkey joining the EU is that the economies of the countries already in the union and Turkey will improve (Rifkin, 2004). If Turkey accepted into the EU then there will be substantial economic benefits and it will help to stabilize the economy and help to improve democratic values in Turkey. However, Turkey has had a weak economic background in the past. By the end of World War II the economic systems hadn’t been changed for a hundred years. The population remained mostly agricultural and using outdated farming methods (Flam, 2003). Cities and towns lived off the countryside and transportation was mainly on the coast. After the 1950’s the country suffered economic disturbances where an industry led to a period of rapid expansion, marked by a sharp increase in exports, which resulted in a balance of payment crisis, the worst of these crisis was in the late 1970’s, where inflation reached triple digits, unemployment had risen about 15 percent, and the government was unable to pay any interest on foreign loans (Crofts, 1999). However, in January 1980, Deputy Prime Minister Turget Ozal began to shift Turkey’s economy toward more exports. Ozal called for import-substitution policies to be replaced with policies designed to encourage exports that could finance imports giving Turkey a chance to break out of a pattern of rapid growth and inflation. Although inflation eased in 1985 and 1986, it still remains a primary issue. In the 1990’s the pattern of economic rise and fall was similar. In the 996, agriculture contributed 15% to the GDP and 43% of the labor force was engaged in agriculture (Schmidt, 2002). As of today Turkey’s economy is complex mix of agriculture and modern industries which have made Turkey an economic power but still more work needs to be done to strengthen the economy. Exchange with the EU reports for 50% of the total Turkish exports and a full EU membership for Turkey would guarantee this market and also lead to more trade with European nations (Solana, 2007). All parts of the economic infrastructure in Turkey would benefit and Europe would profit too. If Turkey were to become a member of the EU then the agriculture area would grow by at least 20%, and farms would increase by 40%. Many sectors of the EU economy would profit if Turkey was accepted into the EU (Pope, 2004). The Turkish economy has expanded strongly and should make a sudden impact if accepted into the EU. The process of westernization of Turkey has been a goal for the Turkish elite, who have made numerous efforts to change the political structure within Turkey to match the democratic Europe. If Turkey were to join the European Union then it helps to westernize and change Turkey politically. If Turkey were to join the changes to the political system are that it would be liberalize the country’s political system. Historically, Turkey has had numerous dictatorships that have weakened Turkey as a whole, but if Turkey were to join then it will strengthen democratic ideal and create stability for a democratic government. Second it raises the few remaining boundary on freedom of press, association, and expression. More freedoms would be granted for citizens in Turkey and there would be a more positive outlook of Turkey from its citizens. Finally, the changes will facilitate the teaching of all languages in Turkey. Citizens could then learn French, English and German that would allow for migration to Europe ( Chari & Kritzinger, 2002). The Kurdish language would also be taught allowing for more cooperation between the Kurds and the Turkish people. If Turkey were to become part of the EU, the infrastructure in Turkey would strengthen enormously and politically Turkey would benefit to the EU liking. Another important benefit to Turkey joining the EU is that it will develop into a model for other Islamic and developing countries by showing that an Islamic and Christian interaction is possible and showing the way out of underdevelopment. Muslims make up about 99% of the population and it is hard to think of Turkey without thinking of Islam (Alesina & Giavazzi, 2006). However, the government and Islam have remained secular. By joining the EU, Turkey will open the doors for more Islamic interaction. However, some people think that an Islamic Turkey will pose a problem in primarily Christian EU. However, the European Union, Turkey and Islam examine the role of religion in Turkey and offers arguments n why Turkish Islam will not be a problem if Turkey joined the EU. By joining the EU, Turkey will open the doors for more Islamic interaction and will show that advances in sciences and technology are not properties of developed countries, but are accessible and achievable by the countries that are lagging behind. There are many problems that plague and will hinder their chances of joining. One issue is Turkey’s relationships with Cyprus and the Kurdish people. Cyprus, manage by a group run by Greek majority, has been a member of the United Nations since 1961 and was permitted to the EU in 2004, has never received formal recognition as a state from Turkey. Since 1974, the conflict has started to heat up between the Turks and the Greeks (Smith, 2002). Turkey succeeded in there invasion of northern Cyprus to prevent its takeover by nationalists favoring union with Greece and since 1974 a ceasefire line, called the Green line, separates the two communities on the island. And in 2004 Cyprus was accepted into the EU. Cyprus is spiteful towards Turkey and poses a problem to the accession of Turkey to the EU. Turkey needs to cede some territory and accepting compensation for lost property in the 1974 invasion. Turkey is going to have resolved the issues between Cyprus for Turkey to gain membership. Turkey’s turn down to formally distinguish Cyprus has remained a main issue that will have to resolve for Turkey’s accession process into the European Union.#p#分页标题#e# 总结—Conclusion There are many things that Turkey needs to change before they can be accepted into the EU. First, Turkey needs to improve that they are willing to do everything that the EU wants them to do to become a member. That includes, repair the situation with Cyprus by formally accepting Cyprus as a country; also Turkey needs improve police stations, schools and local governments to the liking of the EU. Second, Turkey needs to convince the member states of the EU that they are ready to make the necessary changes to become a member state, Turkey also needs to convince the citizens of the Europe that they are to transform into a European Nation. Thirdly, Turkey needs to implement the necessary changes to their economy. Starting by educating the Turkish political and business elites about the amount of changes needed to meet the EU’s accession requirements. Turkey needs to start cutting state funding to ailing industries, imposing tougher hygiene standards on its food producers, and taking on costly EU environmental rules. The Turkish government needs to start debate about overall amount of costs and benefits. With all of these changes Turkey should have a better chance of being accepted into the EU. Turkey should not be permitted to the EU in the next 10 years. Turkey needs to make more changes to the economy, politically and socially before they can be considered an EU member. Turkey has had a relationship with Europe since being accepted to NATO yet they still have not made enough progress to become a Europe nation. Europe is not ready for strictly Muslim country; there are too many problems with the Turkish state. Turkish continues to persecute religious and cultural minorities and have not done enough to fix the problems with the Kurds and Cyprus. The migration problem that flood Europe would destroy the job market, and the standard of living in Europe would go downhill and would open the door more persecution of Muslims in Germany and France. The backlash of these groups would increase the conflict between Muslims and Christians. Unless, Turkey makes the changes that the EU wants them to make, then they will have a possibility of being accepted to the EU but not until then will Turkey have a chance. 参考文献—Bibliography Wiki Project, (2007). Ascension of Turkey to the European Union: Retrieved July 5, 2008. Bilefsky, D. & Hugh P. (2004). Turkish Bid Reveals Europe’s Fears: The Wall Street Journal p. 13 Butler, D. & Taylor P. (2007). EU, Turkey at Odds over Energy Community: Turkish Daily News Article, p.7. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from Turkish Daily on the Web, Gauthier-Villars, D. & Champion, M. (2007, May 7). Sarkozy Elected French President by Solid Margin. The Wall Street Journal, p. A1. Hughes, K. (2004). Turkey and the European Union: Just another Enlargement Friends of Europe:. European Policy Summit. Barroso, J.M. (2006). Interview, BBC Sunday Morning. BBC, London. Khan, A. (2007). Pride and Prejudice. Maclean’s, p.39-41. Legros, F. (2007). European Demographics and Retirement Systems. The University of Paris-Dauphine. Parker, G. (2007, January 8). Turkey to Step up Reforms for EU accession. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from Financial Times on the Web. Meritet, S. (2007). European Institutions. The University of Paris-Dauphine. Lejeune, I. & Van Denberghe, W. (2004). The Enlargement of the European Union: Opportunities for Business and Trade: Wiley Publication. Nachmani, A. (2003). Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping with Intertwined conflicts. Manchester University Press. World Bank & European Commission. (1998). European Union Accession: The challenges for Public Liability Management in Central Europe. World Bank Publications. Flam, H. (2003). Turkey and the EU: Politics and Economics of Ascension. Stockholm University Press. Croft, S. (1999). The Enlargement of Europe. Manchester U.K.: Manchester University Press. Schmidt, V. (2002). The Futures of European Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Rifkin, J. (2004). The European Dream: How Europe’s Vision of the Future is quietly eclipsing the American Dream. New York: Penguin Group. Scheltema, M. & Winsemius P. (2004). The European Union, Turkey and Islam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Solana, J. (2007, March 17). Ins and Outs. The Economists, p.12-15 Sachs, S. (2004). Europe Bloc says Turks can apply. The New York Times Pope, H. (2004). In Terms of its Economy, Turkey already looks like part of Europe. Wall Street Journal, 3. Alesina, A. & Giavazzi, F. (2006). The Future of Europe: Reform or Decline. The MIT Press. Smith, H. (2002). European Policy; what it is and what it does. Pluto Press. Chari, R. & Kritzinger, S. (2002). Understanding E.U. Policy Making. Pluto Press. Stokes, B. (2007). Turks at the Gate. National Journal, 3680-3688. |
 |
|||
| 网站地图 |
