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文化-LED在中国发展的成功和失败-Culture-led development in China was been successful or unsuccessful in China. Methodological statement 方法声明 1.1 Culture industry in China 中国文化产业 Culture industry is a new industry in 21st century and it is an industry which supplying culture, entertainment goods and service to the society. Culture Industry is called as the Golden Industry or Sunshine Industry in this new century. With analyzing two examples in China, getting the conclusion that culture-led industry is a successful choice in some sense and then there may be some thing can be learned from it for the future’s developing. 文化产业是二十一世纪的新产业，它是一个提供文化，娱乐产品和服务于社会的行业。文化产业被称为新世纪的“黄金产业或朝阳产业。通过分析中国的两个实例，最后得出结论：LED行业在某种意义上是一个成功的选择，可能会有一些东西可以从它的未来发展中借鉴。 Now first it is the culture industry’s present situation in China. Although it is not exist in the name of culture industry in the long history of China, it did exist in the old and present China. Modern culture industry got the attention and developed at the end of 1990s, like holding the annual meeting of cultural industry forum of China. Not only holding the meetings, but also many professors and experts study and research this problem. Cultural industry research gets more and more attention, and the base of it the cultural industry’s developing and getting attention from government and companies. 首先是中国文化产业的现状。虽然文化产业的名字在中国悠久的历史中并不悠久，它在旧中国存在。现代文化产业在20世纪90年代末得到了关注和发展，如举办的中国文化产业论坛年会。不仅举行会议，也有许多专家、教授研究这一问题。文化产业研究越来越受到人们的关注，文化产业的发展，是政府和企业越来越重视的基础。 For researching culture-led development is successful or failure in China, this paper will analyze it from the example of Qujiang New District in Xi’an. But only one district situation cannot stand for a whole nation, so there is also some reasoning about the cultural industry’s situation of Xi’an, like these years cultural industry’s developing in Xi’an. From contrasting economical situation of Qujiang before the culture industry introducing and after it is introducing into Qujiang New District, then get the conclusion. Qujiang New District is located in the southeast of Xi’an city and it is famous for Wild Goose Pagoda and Qujiang Imperial Garden. The first developing planning is 15.88 square kilometers, but the fourth time of Xi'an revision program planning expands it to 47 square kilometers. It is also one important part in “four districts and two bases” of Xi’an. In the history Qujiang, it has been the royal garden for so long period. From the record, it is known that Qujiang emerged from Qin and Han dynasty, prospered in the Sui and Tang, until now, it is also very famous for the culture and tourism industry. So it lasts about more than 2,000 years and it is recognized as pioneering in the royal gardens’ development. From the above analysis, it is easy to get that culture industry is the leading industry in Qujiang New District. So there is the question that what is the function of culture industry? So many articles about this have been published in different local newspapers in China, like South Daily, Hebei Daily and so on. Summing them up, it can be stated like below: First cultural industry can attract the advanced technology, with this method, it can indicate the industry’s developing orientation, and then it have the chance to lead the whole national economy. Second with USA, Japan and Korea’s experience, it is easy to know that economic crises time is just the developing and flourishing time of cultural industry. At the same time, cultural industry helps the economy develop from hardware to software. The soft power of a country is just the core and general strength of a country’s competitive. Third cultural industry can help people to face the feedback and hard time with a good mood. With this help, the society can be more optimistic. Forth developing cultural industry can speed the changing from industry chain to values chain in the economy development. With the values chain, re-organizing the production flow and impel the technique and culture content of economy development. Then improve the management pattern and upgrade the creative ability. With all these steps, strengthen the companies’ competitive. With all the functions’ analyzing and stating, cultural industry is really a good choice for the whole national economy’s development and reorganizing, especially in the present China. Along with cultural industry walking into China, so many local places have grasped the chance to exploiting and developing this new industry. Xi’an, as one of six ancient capitals in China, over there, the cultural industry has gotten more and more attentions from government to civil community, from specialists and scholars to some folk artisan. In this part, there will something about the cultural industry and cultural industry researching in Xi’an. There is a committee for specially studying the cultural industry in Xi’an. At the same time, social science college of Xi’an set a team for specially researching and studying the cultural industry’s development in Xi’an since reform and opening-up. Along with these two special studying groups, professors and students in the universities which located or not located in Xi’an also studied this project. With their studying and researching, it is found that there are three stages of cultural industry in Xi’an. The first stage is emerged in 1980s and in this stage, large number of capital invested in the amusement and advertisement companies. The second stage is in the 1990s and the characteristic of this stage is so many cultural public institutions changed to be cultural companies. The third stage is from 2000 to now, integrating market; adjusting operating policy and complete competitive system are the contents of this stage (social science college of Xi’an, 2008). QuJiang New District, a district which puts cultural industry to its developing center, it is not only a new direct which is in the developing and constructing in Xi’an, but also the leader of this industry in the whole country. Traveling and cultural industries are its pillar industry. From the end of 1990s, Qujiang New District began to invest and pay their attention on the travelling and cultural industries. As the Properties Planning, Qujiang New District will be the first cultural brand in the west of China. At the same time, it will drive the employment, regional economies and social education’s development and growth. From the first 15.88 square kilometers’ exploiting planning to the fourth 47 square kilometers, there will be a bright future for it. It is estimated that there will be about 20 billion RMB’s investment and 30 cultural projects (Zhou Bing, 2006). 1.2 set of research objectives of this paper From the examples of Xi’an and Qujiang New District, it is easy to find that cultural industry is really having the chance to be the leader in China’s development history. But whether culture-led development is a successful one or unsuccessful one still needing considering and studying? For researching this problem clearly, it is a must to understand all questions in the following.#p#分页标题#e# First what is the cultural industry? This question has been stated in the above parts. Second what the cultural industry’s function is. It also has been reasoned. Third one is how to judge whether a leading industry is successful or failure. With all of these questions’ resolving, the conclusion can be gotten. 1.2 research strategy of this paper For stating and reasoning the problem more objective and persuading, mainly using the data and examples of Qujiang, like the social developing, culture developing, economical developing and education changes. At the same time, there are also the past researchers of this thesis, like John Howkins, USA, UK, Japan and other countries’ researching about this topic. From the local situation and the worldwide researching, then get the new findings of this essay. The project of Qujiang New District is planned at the end of 1990s and beginning of 2000s. But the time of it came to be executed is 2002. At March of 2003, Qujiang touring and holiday district changed to be Qujiang New District. And also in 2003, Qujiang New District was positioned as supplying the culture touring of vigorous Tang Dynasty. From then on, there began the big change and development in Qujiang New District. At 2007, Qujiang New District was approved to be the leader of cultural industry in China After reviewing its history, it is time to see the past situation of Qujiang New District. Before exploiting, the gardens in this district adopted the enclosed operation way. Without tickets, not allowed to walk into it, this means gardens are not for public. Even at the beginning of developing, the one year’s payment reached about 0.1 billion RMB. The pillar industry even is the agriculture. So not even need to talk about the turnover and profit. After searching for the related data, it is known that before the new plan, the annual tourists are 15 million person and the gains are about 0.38 billion RMB (Jiang Huili, 2004). Based on this situation, what the indeed situation it will be after introducing the developing and exploiting program. The next part is about the situation after introducing the new plan. As the planning, the introductory investment to Qujiang New District is about 20 billion RMB. According the common rule between introductory investment and market investment, this 20 billion RMB investment will bring forward another 30 billion RMB investing. So the total investing amount will reach 50 billion RMB. (Zhou Bing, 2006).This large number of investment makes Qujiang New District have a strong competitive in China . After parts of the investment, the number of practitioners reached 0.1 million. The annual tourist reached 30 million and the turnover of annual cultural Industry is more than 5 billion RMB. Comparing with the number before exploiting, it is easy to get the changing and gaining from this new plan. The turnover increased about 15 times and the tourists increased about 2 times. This is just about the economical changing. The living environment also changes very big. The greenbelt reached 1.80 million square meters and forest coverage rate reached 49.69%. In 2005, Qujiang New District also got the name of best living environment place in China. All of these are the part of the changing. Now it is the changing situation in the project period. Just at the first half year of 2004, the number of tourist from abroad and homeland reached 10.56 million and rose about 1.04 times to the same period of 2003. Just the turnover of traveling industry reached to 7.8 billion, the growth rate comparing with 2003 is 1.5 times. But the investment from 2003 to 2004 is just 0.7 billion RMB. With 0.7 billion’s investing, gaining is about 3.6 billion! Real a miracle! Now it is another example about the miracle. North plaza of Wild Goose Pagoda was opening to the outside at 31st December 2003. Just at the opening day, just one day, the number of tourism is 0.15 million; in the first opening month, the number reached 2.3 million; in the first half year, the number reached 3.8 million (Liu Jifa, Chen hua, 2005). So just from the above figures and data, it is easy to see the gaining from the investing. And it is also easy to get the result of Qujiang New District constructing. Extension it in a wide range, we can get that culture-led development in China may be successful and will be successful in the future, but just may be. Summing up the above contents, there will be a table about the two period’s situation in Qujiang New District. From the table, the result can be gotten more easily, clearly and objectively. The target achieved situation in November 2007 of Qujiang New District No matter how, all the above situations are about Qujiang New District, just one district in a city. So it may be not so strong persuading. In the following, it is about the Xi’an city. Wish the example of a city can have stronger persuading. With analyzing the situation of Qujiang New District, we can find the affection of cultural industry. Its affection not only lies in the economy but also in the social environment. For stating the problem more clearly, this part will analyze the data of Xi’an. According to the cultural industry development and execution blue print of Xi’an, the aim of cultural industry in Xi’an are like the followings: First the growth rate of each year reaches 18% until 2010. Second GDP of the cultural industry should be more than 14.23 billion RMB until 2010. Third the growth rate of cultural industry GDP’s percentage in the whole city’s GDP should reach 5.7% (social science college of Xi’an, 2008). After setting out this aim, there will be each year’s execution situation, from 2002 to 2007. After analyzing those years’ situation, get the findings and conclusion. The situation in 2002 Analyzing the increasing values of different cultural companies in the cultural industry internal, the percentage of culture, amusement and service industry is 59%; the increasing value about production and selling of articles and equipment of culture takes up 32%; other cultural companies’ increasing value occupies 9%. So these means the main part of cultural industry is civilization, amusement and service line. The situation in 2004 From the statistical information, it is known that the number of all companies in the cultural industry in Xi’an is more than 15,107. What is more, these companies held about 10% in the number of all companies in Xi’an. And the employees are more than 0.44 million. This number takes up 32% in the whole staff of all the third industry in Xi’an (Zhang Huqin, 2005). The situation in 2005 and 2006 In 2005, the increasing value of the cultural industry in Xi’an reached about 6.462 billion RMB, comparing with 2004; it increased about 1.092 billion RMB. With this number, the growth rate can be calculated and which is 20.34%. The absolute amount of the increasing value occupied 5.1% of the whole year’s GDP in Xi’an (Zhang Changle, 2008). In 2006, the increasing value of the cultural industry in Xi’an reached about 7.48 billion RMB. Its absolute amount took up 5.2% of the whole year’s GDP in Xi’an. These means that it lasted 2 years that the increasing amount took up more than 5% of the whole years GDP (Zhang Changle, 2008). From this it is known that cultural industry is just like a motor which is put into high gear. Maybe there is not anything which can stop its growing and developing. The situation in 2007 In 2007, cultural industry has come to be one of the first five pillar industries in Xi’an. There are more than 0.46 million person working in this industry. In the whole city, there are about 33 cultural enterprises, more than 15,100 companies. About the 4A level’s scenic spots, there are 14 places and 84 State-level and provincial-level of cultural relic’s protection. There are also about 20 museum and memorials. The number of old sites and mausoleums reached 4,000 (social science college of Xi’an, 2008). So it is really very honorable living in Xi’an---a city with long history and so many scenic spots and historical sites With the above data and information, the cultural industry and culture of the old city of Xi’an can be touched deeply. Along with the affects of all these information, there should be the ways for Xi’an walking into China and the World. With walking out of the regional, it can be touched and known to the World. 1.4 The style and method of this paper Because of all the researching is just limited in Qujiang New District and Xi’an city, so maybe the resources are vey localized. This will also affect the result’s thorough understanding and reasoning. At the same time, maybe it is also not so objective. All in one sentence is that can't see the wood for the trees. Another research limitation is about the author’s scoping, so the depth of this research may be not so wide and deep. With these limitation’s existing, this paper will reason the problem with a contrasting analysis way. Through contrasting the different social and economical situation before and after the culture industry has been introducing into Qujiang to get the conclusion. It is mainly contrasting the data and examples of these two periods. So there is not only using contrasting reasoning method, but also used sample cases. Preliminary Literature Review 初步的文献综述#p#分页标题#e# 2.1 preliminary literature reviews At the beginning of 1990s, the ex-president of USA, Bill Clinton brought forward Culture Industry. Several years after Bill Clinton’s culture industry, British Prime Minister Toney Blair raised the Creative Industry, a new conception. In Britain, Creative Industry is defined as Creative Industry is a line which originated from individual’s creative method, skills or literary, with developing and using the property right and then create the fortune and employment to the world. Comparing with Creative Industry, Cultural Industry is broader and it includes the traditional cultural industry and creative industry. Although cultural industry has not been put forward in the history, it did exist in so many countries’ long history, like the selling painting and the Art of Calligraphy in the old China. Modern cultural industry can be stated that it is originated from the developed countries, like USA and UK. But after developing till now, it has walked into every nook and cranny in the world, like China, Brazil, India these developing countries. Cultural industry not only develops in the geographic area, but also widen its substance, from the traditional book publishing, newspaper’s issuing to today’s Animate, Cartoon, Games, Flash and so on. Along with the cultural industries prosper, more and more countries pay their attention on this new industry. At the same time, high technologies have been introduced into this line. And the new cultural industry came out. 2.2 The viability and value of the initial research questions Cultural industries can be traced to the ancient China, India, and Egypt. So its history is really very long. But the period of special researching about it is really very short. John Howkins is the father of Creative Industry who first defined Creative Industry and typed the Creative Industry. In 1974, he wrote Understanding Television; then Communication in China, New Technologies, New Policies, The Creative Economy, and CODE: Collaboration and Ownership in the Digital Economy of him came to this world. In those literatures, John Howkins said that creative thoughts can be had by all people, like businessman or scientist and there is a day that the intangible assets created by human will excess the substance fortune of the world (John Howkins, 2001). Along with cultural industries developing, the researches about it also become wider and wider. Some people even put forward emerging cultural industry and said this industry will be one of the core industries in the 21st centuries. The contents of emerging cultural industry include the internet servicing industry, digital game industry, mobile content industry and digital cinema and television industry. This new thought about cultural industry also stated that the cultural content will be the core and most important competitive of this industry. All the above are about the whole notion and tendency of the cultural industry. In the following part it is the researching situation of cultural industry in different countries. America is the power country in the worldwide cultural industry. In 2001, the total turnover of cultural industry in America reached 1000 billion dollars. More than 50% cultural Jumbo companies belongs to America and they have controlled 75% TV program’s producing and making all of the whole world. The keynote of the cultural industry in America is free developing. There is not the culture office in the American government. The attitude toward the cultural industry is very comprehensive. Different national’s culture can be accepted in USA. Another character is the investment subject diversification. The cultural community can get the capital from companies, fund and personals endowment (Chen Qianrun, Qi Shuyu, 2006). Besides America, there is another developed cultural industry country which is Britain. Britain is the second creative industry country in the world. From 1997 to 2001, the annual growth rate of creative industry is 8%, and this industry’s employment growing rate is 5%. In Britain, government is the leader, impeller and organizer (Scott Lash, Celia Lury, 2007). Just as the stating in the above, cartoon is one of the tendency and main composing of the present cultural industry. And 60% of the cartoons are made in Japan, so Japan is also one of the important big countries in the cultural industry (Scott Lash, Celia Lury, 2007). It even founded a special fund to support the different kinds of cultural program. With the folk capital’s supporting, the cultural industry develops fast and strong in Japan. Next cultural industry power is Korea. In 2004, Korea came to be the fifth country in the cultural industry. This is based on the guide line of cultural led the country. For developing the cultural industry, Korea also established the complete praising system, human resource training system and capital supporting system. After analyzing the history, present situation and researching about cultural industry, now there is another problem about this essay which is the cultural industry’s developing tendency. With contrasting the developed and developing cultural industry, and with contrasting the past and present cultural industry, it can be concluded that the high technology will play a very important role in the future’s cultural industry. Inputting the high technology into the cultural industry, it will be more competitive, the forms will be very diversity and contents are fresh. Another tendency is that different nation’s special characters will get emphasized in the cultural industry. There is one example of this which is about the Hua Mu Lan’s success in big-budget movie in USA. In the present time, economy comes international day by day. A nation’s cultural is also the internationals. And a nation’s cultural also determined the cultural industry in some sense. So there are two tendencies of cultural industry which are high technology inputting and national characters emphasizing. 2.3 The research theoretical and policy In order to get the satisfied conclusion and know more clearly about the situation of cultural industry in China, this essay was mainly adopted the case approach and quantitative approach in the writing process. And both of them will be presented in the following text. In this part, first it is about situation before adopting cultural industry. With different data analyzing, the full picture of cultural industry can be reasoned more clearly. From these contrasting, there will be the result about whether the cultural-led development is successful or unsuccessful. Like the total turnover’s contrasting, the growth rate’s contrasting and so on, the result can be stated and reasoned more clearly and profound. With data and tables, with these studying ways and information, collecting the information and evidence takes a lot of time and needs more patience. For getting the detail and precise information, first search the related contents in the internet and then get the related books and articles to read. With the searching and reading, choose the information useful for this studying. Reflection on contemporary research practice 当代实践研究的反思 3.1 Lecture presentations Although did not attend so many public seminar and lecture presentations, still searched so many relative lecture presentations about this problem. With reading the articles and speeches in the lecture presentations, this paper can be finished and reasoned more clearly and profound. Here is an example of this kind of lecture presentations which is the 2nd Annual Meeting of "Chinese Culture Industry Forum in the 21st Century”. This annual meeting was held in 2002. Because of it is a hard work to state each person’s speech and their articles. Over here it is just a summary written by Li Kanghua and Wang Yinong. This summary was published in the second volume’s social science in 2003. 3.2 comments on other articles This summary stated the culture industry in China from three ways. First illustrating from the affection of WTO, then it is about the ways adopted in the developing process of culture industry; next part it is the importance of developing culture industry, and the last part is about how to develop culture industry in this new century. One sentence does get the eyes in the reading process and it is that the creative part of the culture industry will be the core competitive in the economy development. This sentence improves this paper’s thesis in an indirect way. Although there are not so many new things and ideas of this problem, it still gives some useful information about the present situation of culture industry in China. Reference 参考文献: David Hesmondhalgh, Andy C. Pratt. (2005). Cultural industries and cultural policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy. Volume 11, Issue 1. P1—P13 Hou Xiaoli. (2006). Reasoning about the inevitability of cultural industry development in the history. Journal of Theoretic. Volume 10. Jiang Huili. (2004). Seize the opportunity, exploration and innovation, and actively promote the continuous development of cultural industries in Shaanxi Province. [J] Chinese Journal of Northwest University No.2 Liu Jifa. (2005). Cultural Industry Studies (Preamble) [M] Beijing: Economic Management Publisher,2005 Liu Jifa, Chen hua. (2005). On the establishment of cultural industries in Xi'an rational thinking SAR Xi'an. Journal of Xidian University (Social Science Edition). vo1.15 N0.4 Qin Xiaofeng. (2002). WTO and Xian Cultural. Journal of Xi’an Educational College Vol.17 No.2, p14—p16#p#分页标题#e# Scott Lash, Celia Lury. (2007). Global culture industry: the mediation of things. Polity Press. Total 240 pages. Theodor W. Adorno. (1975). Culture Industry Reconsidered. New German Critique. No. 6. P12-P19 Wang Weikun. (2002). Tang Dynasty Chang'an religious and cultural exchanges with Western research. [J] Journal of Northwest University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),p25-p30 Xi’an Daily. (2008). Culutral industry’s situation and tendency in Xi’an since reform and opening-up. Xu Xiangfa. (2008). Xi'an model to explore the development of cultural industries. Journal of Xi’an University of Finance and Economics. Vol.21 No.6 p80 Zhang Changle. (2008). Xi’an cultural soft power to enhance the realization of a harmonious dynamic humanities Xi'an. Xi'an and social sciences. Vol.26 No.1 p53 Zhang Huqin. (2005). Xi'an, the strategy of sustainable development of cultural heritage research. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University (SocialSciences) Vo.l 25(Sum No. 73) Zhou Bing. (2006). Studying of cultural industry assembly internal mechanism of Qujiang New District in Xi’an. Beside the above specifically reference, the paper also cited many data and other information from the following two wed sites. Because both of them are official web sites, so there is not the author. |
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